1. Ecology Notes Part 2

2. limiting factors and natural selection oLimiting factor: factor that restricts life, reproduction, or distribution of organisms; Ex: food, temperature, water, etc. oNatural selection : survival of the fittest; those species that are better able to survive in their environment will pass on their genes to offspring which in turn will be better able to survive oAfter long periods of time, may lead to changes in organism

3. Identify the types of resources Natural resources: part of natural environment, Ex: soil, water, crops, oil, gas, wildlife Renewable resources: replaced or recycled by natural processes (biodegradable) Ex: plants and animals Nonrenewable resources: available in limited amounts, Ex: fossil fuels

4. 6 Environmental Changes 1. Pollution: air, water, noise 2. Global Warming: Earth’s atmosphere heating up due to trapped gases (fossil fuels) –Ex: Arctic, where rising temperatures and melting ice are dramatically changing the region’s unique landscapes and wildlife

5. 3. Acid Rain: transformation of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) secondary pollutants such as sulphuric acid 4. Ozone Hole:Ozone shields us from damaging UV sunlight. Ozone is affected by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

6. 5. Greenhouse Effect: Earth's atmosphere contains trace gases, some of which absorb heat. water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide = "greenhouse gases." 6. Extinction: a species no longer exists

7. Describe factors that affect population size.  Predation: predators limit number of prey; pick out old, sick, young  Competition: compete for resources; water, food, living space, mates  Parasitism/disease  Environmental changes: pollution, thermal warming, unfit water all affect population size  May cause species to become threatened(rapid decline) or endangered (extinction possible)

8. Describe population growth.  Exponential growth: occurs when number of individuals increases rapidly; produces J- shaped curve on graph  Logistical (linear) growth: S-shaped curve; shows steady growth; slows after populations reach carrying capacity

9. Describe carrying capacity.  Carrying capacity: the number of individuals that an environment can support  Limits the population size  Affected by temperature, food supply, reproduction, hunting, etc. # of yeast cells Time in hours

10. Limiting Factors – factors that limit the survival, distribution, or reproduction of organisms thus affecting the population size Density-dependant factors – competition, predation, parasitism, and disease (numbers matter!) Density-independent factors – weather, natural disasters, human activities (numbers do not matter!) Human Population Growth Human population growth is in exponential growth phase for world population. Countries have different growth rates which can be determined by examining age structure diagrams.

11. Succession.  Succession: changes that take place in a community.  Primary: occurs where no soil existed; creates new colonies; pioneer species move in; continues to grow until limiting factors become too great  Secondary: disturbance of some kind changes existing community; “old” species die and new species move in; associated with natural disasters  Climax Community - the stable, mature community that undergoes little change

12. Succession

13. Biomes and the Biosphere Biomes - ecosystems with similar climate (temperature and precipitation levels) and types of biotic factors (plants and animals)

14. Tropical Rain Forest Poor soil, heavy precipitation, much biodiversity, levels of niches including the canopy, under story, and forest floor

15. Desert Poor sandy soil, very little precipitation, extreme temperatures, specially adapted organisms

16. Grasslands Rich soil, very little precipitation, extreme temperatures, specially adapted organisms

17. Temperate deciduous forests Rich soil, moderate precipitation and temperature, trees that lose their leaves, abundant wildlife

18. Coniferous forests Acidic soil, moderate precipitation and cold temperatures, conifers or cone-bearing trees and abundant wildlife

19. Tundra Poor soil, permafrost, very little precipitation and cold temperatures, treeless, small plant species, migratory animal species

20. Aquatic Biomes Fresh water: Very low salt content, flowing in rivers and streams, or standing in ponds and lakes. Plankton, microscopic algae act as producers.

21. Aquatic Biomes Estuary: moderate salt content due to mixing of fresh and salt water where rivers flow into the ocean Marine: high salt content. Aphotic zone is dark while Photic zone allows for photosynthesis, Large variety of species

22. Aquatic Biomes Intertidal zone: area at the coast between high and low tide marks. Organisms here are adapted to being exposed to air and dealing with waves and strong currents

23. Aquatic Biomes Coral reefs: Warm shallow tropical seas contain reefs built from the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral. Huge diversity of species