1. Chapter 6 – Ancient Rome 509 B.C.E. – 476 A.D.E

2. Geography of Rome
Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula. This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond.
The Apennine Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged.
Fertile plains supported a growing population.

3. Geography of Rome
Ancestors of the Romans settled along the Tiber River. These villages eventually grew into Rome.
Italian peninsula in the Mediterranean was good for trade, navy, or fishing.
Alps, in the North, separated Italy from outside invaders for many years.

4. Background to the Roman Republic
In 509 B.C.E., the Romans drove out the Etruscans and set up a new government, which they called a Republic.
In a republic, certain officials are chosen by the people.
In the early republic, the senate dominated the government. Its members were patricians, or members of the landholding class.
“thing of the people.”

5. Background to the Roman Republic
Common People
Over time, the plebeians gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes.
The tribunes could veto laws that they felt harmed plebeians.
The United States Constitution and Government both include aspects of the Roman Government.
This includes ideas on the senate, the veto, and checks on political power.
Officials elected by plebeians
The power to block a Government action

6. Roman Society Family The family was the basic unit of Roman society.
Male was head of household and had absolute authority.
Women
Women gained greater freedom and influence over the centuries.
Some women ran businesses. Most worked at home, raising families.

7. Roman Society Education Religion
Both girls and boys learned to read and write.
Education was highly valued.
Religion
Gods and goddesses resembled those of Greeks and Etruscans.
Religious festivals inspired sense of community.
Romans built many temples for worship.

8. Expansion in Italy
By about 270 B.C.E., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula.
Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful?
Skilled diplomacy.
Loyal, well-trained army.
Treated defeated enemies fairly.
Gave rights to conquered people.

9. From Republic to Empire
After gaining control of the Italian peninsula, Rome began to build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea.
The Romans followed a policy of imperialism.
Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor became Roman provinces.
Establishing control over foreign lands and peoples
Lands under Roman rule

10. The Punic Wars: Rome Versus Carthage 264 B.C.E. – 146 B.C.E
As Rome expanded its power, they came into contact with Carthage.
Carthage controlled much of the trade within the Mediterranean Sea.
Carthage had the greatest navy at the time.

11. The First Punic War
Started when the Sicilian city of Messana revolted against the Carthaginians.
Rome interceded on Messana’s behalf and the war began.
Battles were primarily fought on the sea.
Romans built a huge naval force and crushed the Carthaginian’s fleets.
Rome wins Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.

12. The Second Punic War Carthage wanted revenge from the First Punic War.
Lead General was Hannibal.
Hannibal led his army across the Pyrenees and Alps and into northern Italy.

13. The Second Punic War
Quintus Fabius Maximus elected the absolute dictator of Rome.
He decided to wait out Hannibal instead of attacking him directly.
Hannibal defeats the Romans at the battle of Cannae.
The Romans lose up to 80,000. This defeat was the worst defeat Rome had ever seen.

14. The Second Punic War
Rome sends Scipio over to Africa to attack Carthage.
This forces Carthage to give up and call Hannibal home.
Hannibal is finally defeated, after 15 years.
So he would not be captured, Hannibal killed himself.

15. The Third Punic War
The Romans were now scared that Carthage might return.
The Romans returned to Carthage to ensure their own survival.
Result is that the city is destroyed by fire.
Those not killed were taken as slaves.
The ground was poisoned with salt so nothing would grow there anymore.

16. The Roman Empire at Its Zenith

17. Decline of the Republic
Conquered people forced to work as slaves.
They were expected to produce huge quantities of grain.
Small farmers are no longer needed to produce food for Rome.
Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs.

18. Decline of the Republic
With the new increase in wealth for the Plebeians, corruption spreads throughout the government.
There is a financial crisis that the current government can not (or would not) address.
Result: Roman Civil Wars begin.

19. From Republic to Empire
Julius Caesar forces the Roman senate to make him dictator.
Caesar forms the Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Octavian to restore order.
Caesar institutes reforms to try to solve Rome’s many problems.
Caesar is killed (March 15, 44 B.C.E.) by Brutus, and others, who feared that he planned to make himself king of Rome.
More civil wars break out.

20. From Republic to Empire
Octavian defeats Mark Antony in a struggle for power.
The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted One, and declares him first citizen.
Result: The 500-year republic comes to an end. The age of the Roman empire begins.

21. Roman Empire and Roman Peace
Pax Romana
Stable government structure for 200 years.
Done by Augustus Caesar.
Traits:
Civil service to enforce the laws.
Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves.
Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair.
Set up a postal service and issued new coins.
Employed the jobless.
Roman Peace
(I KEEL U)
Population count

22. Greco-Roman Civilization
The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek culture.
Roman civilization spread to conquered lands.
The blending of Roman, Hellenistic, and Greek traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization.
Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread this new civilization.

23. Roman Advances History Poetry
Historians wrote about the rise and fall of Roman power.
Poetry
Writers imitated Greek styles in prose and poetry.
Poets used verse to satirize, or make fun of, Roman society.
Make Fun Of

24. volcanic ash and pulverized brick which were added to the burnt lime
Roman Advances
Philosophy
Roman philosophers borrowed heavily from the Greeks.
Stoics emphasized acceptance of one’s fate and concern for the well-being of others.
Technology
Built roads, bridges, and harbors throughout empire.
Built many aqueducts.
Most Importantly: concrete
volcanic ash and pulverized brick which were added to the burnt lime
bridgelike stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roman cities

25. Roman Aqueducts

26. A picture made from chips of colored stone or glass
Roman Advances
Science
Ptolemy proposed that Earth was the center of the universe.
Galen used experiments to prove this conclusion.
Art
Sculptors stressed realism.
Artists depicted life scenes in frescoes and mosaics.
A picture made from chips of colored stone or glass

27. Roman Architecture

28. Roman Architecture

29. Roman Law
During the Roman empire, these principles of law fostered unity and stability:
Presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
The accused was permitted to face the accuser and offer a defense.
Guilt had to be established through evidence.

30. The Rise of Christianity
Conquered people could worship their God(s), as long as they honored Roman Gods.
After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods.
Rome mistrusted Christians because they refused to make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman gods.

31. The Rise of Christianity
Why did the Christians not honor the Roman beliefs?
They could not because of their own beliefs.
This is the “Belief in one true God”.
How did Christianity spread?
Apostles and disciples preached only in Judea.
Disciples began to preach in Jewish communities in Roman World.
Jews who accepted the beliefs of Jesus became the first Christians.
From the Greek word meaning “a person sent forth.”

32. Spread of Christianity The Beginnings of the Christian Church
Early Christian communities shared a common faith and a common way of worship.
A bishop was responsible for all Christians in a particular area called a diocese.

33. Spread of Christianity The Beginnings of the Christian Church
Gradually, some bishops became patriarchs, with authority over other bishops in their area.
The Christian Church thus developed a hierarchy.

34. Empire in Decline Political Problems Economic & Social Problems
Emperors were repeatedly overthrown or assassinated.
In one 50-year period, 26 emperors ruled, and only one died of natural causes.
Economic & Social Problems
High taxes to support the army burdened business people and farmers.
Over cultivated farmland lost its productivity.

35. The rapid rise of prices
Two Reformers
The rapid rise of prices
Diocletian
Divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern.
Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices.
Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods.

36. Two Reformers Constantine Continued Diocletian’s reforms.
Granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity.
Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power.

37. Foreign Invasions
Rome could not withstand the forces of Germanic invasions.
The Huns dislodged other Germanic peoples.
After time, they conquered the Roman empire.
Roman Power was split into two, and they simply could not withstand the invasions.

38. The Decline and Fall of Rome