1. A CONCRETE IMAGE OF HOW SENTENCES WORK

2. Another way to describe a sentence is to compare it to a bike…
The subject is one wheel;
the predicate is the other wheel.
IMAGE. ALSO STABLE STUCTURE – IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING SENTENCE BOUNDARIES.
WILL SEE THIS AS WE MOVE ALONG
These two parts connect to form a stable structure.

3. We can have just one word in each wheel…
Children play.
Students studied.

4. But most of the time, our ideas include more details
But most of the time, our ideas include more details. We add extra words to the wheels in the form of articles, adjectives, adverbs, direct objects, prepositions, etc.
The neighborhood children play basketball at the community center.
Students in the biology lab studied cells under an electron microscope.

5. Who or what? What about it? He smiles.
Subject Verb
Who or what? What about it?
He smiles.
Autumn leaves twirl gently to the ground.
The park district will open an outdoor ice skating rink in November.
AGAIN, CONCRETE EXAMPLES.
THE WHO/WHAT AND WHAT ABOUT IT MAKES SENSE TO STUDENTS.
INTRODUCE TERMS BASIC SENTENCE AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
These two parts connect to form a basic sentence, also known as an independent clause.

6. A clause is any group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
An independent clause can stand alone in a sentence.
AGAIN, CONCRETE EXAMPLES.
THE WHO/WHAT AND WHAT ABOUT IT MAKES SENSE TO STUDENTS.
INTRODUCE TERMS BASIC SENTENCE AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.

7. Dependent clauses
Dependent clauses also have a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone. They are like baskets that need to be attached to a basic sentence.
One kind of dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction.
These are words like when, though, because, since, whenever, after, and others.

8. When the music began
Everyone started to dance.
When the music began, everyone started to dance.

9. Here are some more dependent clauses:
As soon as it stopped raining
Because I registered early
When we need a quiet place to study

10. We can place these baskets on the front of a bike.
As soon as it stopped raining, we saw a double rainbow.
Because I registered early, I got the classes I wanted.
When we need a quiet place to study, we go to the library.

11. We can also place them on the back of a bike.
We saw a double rainbow as soon as it stopped raining.
I got the classes I wanted because I registered early.
We go to the library when we need a quiet place to study.
MOVE BASKETS FROM FRONT TO BACK. LEARNING HOW TO MANIPULATE SENTENCES – MATURE WRITER.

12. Before we move on, see if you can identify these clauses
1. It was a bright morning.
2. As he was walking down the corridor.
3. You will sing a long song
4. Unless you decide not to come.
5. Because he was not normal that day.
6. The cave was full of bats
7. Since the first of the month.
(You can view the answers on the next slide.)
Hint: You may have noticed that dependent clauses tend to leave you hanging as if a question has not been answered. Example: When we were going to town.

13. Yellow-- Independent clauses Purple-- dependent clauses
It was a bright morning.
As he was walking down the corridor.
You will sing a long song.
Unless you decide not to come.
Because he was not normal that day.
The cave was full of bats.
Since the first of the month.
Hopefully, you did well. If not, don’t feel bad there is more practice ahead.

14. The Logic of Punctuation
Readers are looking for the who or what (subject) and what about it (verb) of a sentence, or the main idea. Commas help them see that main idea.
If you begin a sentence with a basket (dependent clause), use a comma to show readers where the addition ends and the basic sentence begins. (AAAWWUBBIS)
LOGIC OF PUNCTUATION
According to the weather report, tomorrow will be hot and humid.
If we go to the early movie, we can save money.

15. The art gallery, which opens this weekend, features local artists.
If the basket interrupts the sentence, use commas to show readers where the addition begins and ends.
The art gallery, which opens this weekend, features local artists.
CAN SEE COMMAS AS HANDLES LIFTING OUT THE ADDITION. LOGIC OF PUNCTUATION
Ruby, my sister’s best friend, will loan me her car.

16. If the basket is attached to the end of the sentence, usually no comma is needed.
We saw a double rainbow as soon as it stopped raining.
I got the classes I wanted because I registered early.
We go to the library when we need a quiet place to study.

17. You may also join two independent clauses to form one sentence
You may also join two independent clauses to form one sentence. While each could be a sentence all on its own, combining clauses provides sentence variety and creates clear connections between ideas.

18. There are three ways to join independent clauses:
Two independent clauses may be joined with a comma and a conjunction. (FANBOYS)
The cast bowed, and the audience applauded.
The curtains closed firmly, but the enthusiastic applause continued.
2. Two independent clauses may be joined by a semicolon.
I won the competition; the gold medal looked amazing on the wall.
3. Two independent clauses may be joined by a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon. Notice the placement of the semicolon and comma.
Robeson appeared in Show Boat in 1926; subsequently, he acted in the films Jericho and Song of Freedom.
I love every kind of dessert; however, I especially love ice cream!