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Squash South Africa Marking & Referee Course
Uitsig Squash Club 10 February 2018 Add in the venue and date of your course Version 1.0
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About your course presenter
Paul S Vermaak Provincial Referee, Central Gauteng Ref’ing for over 8 years Major Tournaments Refereed: Various league(s) & Club Tournaments Gauteng Open/ Closed (Junior, Senior and Masters events) SACDs/SACF’s, Jarvis/Kaplan (≥5yrs) SA Nationals, SA Open Gauteng & Pretoria PSA’s World Masters Musa Malinga Provincial Referee, Northerns coordinator Ref’ing for over 2 years Major Tournaments Refereed Gauteng & West Rand Open/Closed (Junior, Senior and Masters events) Bull Ring Invitational Jarvis/Kaplan West Rand PSA Add some information about yourself so that people attending know a bit about you and your refereeing experience
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Learning Outcomes Know the role of and the correct terminology used by a Marker Know the role of and the correct terminology used by a Referee Know the correct times allowed for various intervals during a game of squash Know the rules relating to the serve Understand the basic rules relating to interference on court Know the different categories relating to injuries and the times allowed for recovery (including for bleeding) Have a basic knowledge of the Conduct Rule and when it can be used Ask the group what they are hoping to learn from the course. Write these on a piece of flip chart paper so we can make sure most of their questions have been covered in the course at the end
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What this course doesn’t cover
This course will not make you a qualified Referee! Complex interference situations Detailed information regarding illness, injury and bleeding Detailed information about the Conduct Rule Emphasise the fact that doing this course and exam does not make you a qualified Referee but is one part of the criteria. Anyone interested in becoming qualified should speak to you at the end of the course
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Scoring Point a Rally (PAR)
The winner of the rally scores 1 point and serves to begin the next rally Play to 11 points At 10-all, play continues until a player leads by 2 points e.g or 13-11 Play best of 5 games How do you score a point in squash? Who keeps a record of the score? Ask the group what scoring system is used in squash PAR to 11 - this is what the exam will be based on PAR to 15 Hand in / Hand out How do you score a point? ball bounces twice before opponent hits it opponent hits the ball out or down awarded a stroke Who keeps a record of the score? Marker & Referee
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Duties of the Marker Announce the match
Welcome to the [Tournament Name/League Name] [Round/String] match between [Player Name] from [Club/Team/Country] to serve and [Player Name] from [Club/Team/Country] to receive. Best of 5 games, love-all Introduce each game e.g. [Player surname] leads by 1 game to love. Love-all Call the score at the end of each rally Announce the result at the end of each game e.g. 11-9, game to [Player surname]. [Player surname] leads by 2 games to love Repeat the Referee’s decision after a player’s request for a let e.g. YES LET, 3-all Announcing the match can also be more simple “Player A to server, Player B to receive, best of 5 games, love-all”
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Duties of the Marker (cont.)
The Score Server’s score is always called first If the score is equal, the correct wording is “ALL” E.g. LOVE-ALL or 2-ALL DO NOT use “EACH” or “TOGETHER” At 10-ALL, play continues until one player is 2 points ahead E.g or 13-11 The Marker indicates this by saying “10-ALL: a player must win by 2 points” When dealing with complete beginners, it might be useful to show on a flipchart or a whiteboard how to right the score down correctly.
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Duties of the Marker (cont.)
GAME BALL indicates that one player requires one point to win the game MATCH BALL indicates that one player requires one point to win the match NOTE: DO NOT split the score when the server has game or match ball RIGHT “10-6, Game Ball” or “10-6, Match Ball” WRONG “10 Game Ball 6” or “10 Match Ball 6” WRONG “10 Game Point 6” or “10 Match Point 6”
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Duties of the Marker (cont.)
To Call Comments FAULT All errors on the serve are called as fault (foot-fault, serve below cut line, serve out of court). Wrong to say “down” or “cut serve”!!! DOWN When the ball is hit directly into the tin or on to the floor (one word, one action) NOT UP Double bounce on the floor or double hit on wall / racket (two words, double action) OUT Wrong to say “out of court” HAND OUT Change of server (not “hand in”) Could do group exercise here. Split group into 3 or 4 and give them labels with NOT UP, DOUBLE, DOWN, OUT OF COURT, OUT, FAULT, FOOT FAULT, CUT, HAND IN, HAND OUT. Then, write scenarios on flip chart paper and they have to decide which is the correct call from the Marker. e.g. ball bounces twice, serve hits the out line, serve hits the service line, change of server
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The Referee’s Decision is FINAL
Duties of the Referee To keep score To award LETS, Strokes and NO LETS when a player appeals for interference To rule if a player appeals against the Marker’s call or lack of call To enforce all rules relating to time To enforce all rules relating to illness, injury and bleeding To apply Rule 15 (Conduct) if a player’s conduct is unacceptable The Referee’s Decision is FINAL
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Duties of the Referee (cont.)
To Call Comments STOP To stop play. TIME To indicate that a period of time prescribed has elapsed. HALF TIME To advise players of the mid-point of the warm-up period. 15 SECONDS To advise the players that 15 seconds of a permitted 90 second interval remain. YES LET When allowing a let, following a player’s appeal for a let. NO LET When disallowing a player’s appeal for a let. STROKE TO (player or team name) To advise that the player named is to be awarded a stroke LET/ PLAY A LET To advise that a rally is to be replayed in circumstances where the wording “Yes Let” is not applicable. (May be accompanied by an explanation).
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The Warm-up Q. How long is the warm-up? 5 minutes
Q. When must the player’s change sides during the warm-up? After 2½ minutes Q. Does play start as soon as possible after the warm-up? A. NO - 90 seconds Q. What constitutes a fair warm-up? A. Hitting the ball to yourself 2 or 3 times before hitting a cross-court to your opponent Use these questions to stimulate some discussion, especially the last question around a fair warm-up Can go a little further with the last question and explain that the Referee can use Rule 15 (Conduct) to penalize any player who is warming up unfairly.
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The Serve The server chooses which side to serve when he has won the serve While retaining the serve, the server must serve from alternate boxes The server must wait for the Marker to call the score before serving The server must not serve before the receiver is ready What must happen for a serve to be classed as good? The server must drop or throw the ball and strike it before it touches anything else When the server hits the ball; One foot must be in contact with the floor inside the service-box; With no part of that foot touching any boundary of that box The ball must be struck directly to the front wall The ball must hit the front wall between the service-line and the out-line The ball must bounce in the opposite quarter-court without touching any line The ball is not served out
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Intervals Q. How long is the interval between games? A. 90 seconds
Q. How about the interval between games 4 and 5? Q. Can players strike the ball during any interval? A. Yes Q. Can watching player who’s playing the next game strike the ball during any interval? A. No Ask these questions to see if the course attendees know the answer. Emphasise that the interval between games 4 and 5 is still 90-seconds (it used to be 2 minutes a long time ago which some people may still think is applicable)
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Interference (Rule 8) Q. What is: A STROKE? A LET? A NO LET?
Q. How does a player appeal to the Referee for a Stroke or Let? A. “Let, please” STROKE - player appeals to the Referee the Referee decides that there was sufficient interference to award the point to the player appealing LET - player appeals and the Referee decides that the rally should be replayed NO LET - player A appeals and the Referee decides that there was insufficient interference so player B takes the point
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Interference (Rule 8) (cont.)
The outgoing player must make EVERY EFFORT to clear their shot so that the opponent has: A Fair View of the ball on its rebound from the front wall Unobstructed Direct Access to the ball The space to make a reasonable swing at the ball The freedom to strike the ball to any part of the entire front wall The incoming player must make EVERY EFFORT to get to and play the ball Explain these 4 requirements clearly and simply to ensure the group understands them. Emphasize “EVERY EFFORT”
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Interference (Rule 8) (cont.)
General Points No interference or no reasonable fear of injury = NO LET Interference but the striker would NOT have been able to make a good return Striker played beyond the point of interference Minimal interference Opponent not making every effort to avoid interference = STROKE TO STRIKER Opponent making every effort to avoid interference = YES LET Interference and striker would have made winning return
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Clip 2 - Swing Prevented Interference - Racket Swing Swing PREVENTED so stroke to Darwish If the interference only AFFECTED the swing then YES LET
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Further Attempt Turning
Striker requests a let for interference while making a further attempt to strike the ball and could have made a good return = YES LET Turning Turning is the action of the player who strikes, or is in a position to strike, the ball to the right of the body after the ball has passed behind him to the left (or vice versa), whether the player physically turns or not. Briefly explain the Turning Rule explaining about physical and virtual turning then use the images on the next slide to illustrate this situation. Emphasise that if the player turning strikes the ball and hits their opponent then it is a stroke against them. Turning example
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Ball Hitting a Player The ball hits the non-striker and the return was going directly to the front wall = STROKE TO STRIKER The ball hits the non-striker and hit or would have hit any other wall Before the front wall = YES LET The ball hits the non-striker and the striker had turned = STROKE TO NON-STRIKER
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Appeals What the Referee’s decision is if:
Marker’s call or lack of call was correct = result of rally stands Marker’s call was incorrect = YES LET Marker made no call on a return that was not good = award rally to other player Referee is uncertain whether the return was good Referee is uncertain whether the return was good but the Marker’s call interrupted a winning return by the other player = STROKE TO OTHER PLAYER NOTE: wait until the end of the rally to appeal a Marker’s call or lack of call All appeals decided by the Referee
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The Ball Fallen Object The ball breaks during a rally = YES LET
Player stops play to appeal that a ball is broken but the ball is not broken = award rally to the other player If the receiver, before attempting to return the serve, appeals that the ball is broken, and it is, the Referee, if uncertain when it broke, must allow a let for the previous rally Fallen Object A player who drops a racket may pick it up and play on If a player drops any other object without any contact with the opponent, the opponent wins the rally Juniors are likely to ask about eyewear falling off. Eyewear falls under the second point above so the opponent wins the rally
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Distraction Either player may request a LET because of distraction but must do so immediately If distraction was caused by one of the players then: If accidental, a LET is allowed If deliberate, Rule 15 (Conduct) must be applied If the distraction was not caused by one of the players, a LET is allowed
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Illness & Injury A player who suffers an illness must either continue play immediately or concede the game in progress and take the 90-second interval between games to recover If a player vomits on court, the match is awarded to: The opponent Reason? Court is unplayable Illness Injury Cramp Nausea Asthma Attack Dizziness Sprained ankle Bruising/swelling caused by being hit by a racket/ball Broken bones Get the group to shout out examples of an illness and then an injury to understand the difference
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Categories of injury Self-inflicted Contributed Opponent-inflicted
Accidental Deliberate or dangerous Ask for examples of each category of injury e.g. Self-inflicted - twisting your own ankle, bruising from running into the wall Contributed - accidental collision between the players resulting in a muscle strain Opponent-inflicted - striker accidentally hits opponent using excessive swing Opponent-inflicted - striker deliberately hits opponent
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Categories of Injury (cont.)
Self-inflicted 3 minutes recovery time May also concede the game and take the additional 90-second interval between games Only one game may be conceded If additional recovery time is required, the player must concede the match Contributed 15 minutes recovery time Referee may allow an additional 15 minutes If the player is unable to continue, match is awarded to the opponent
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Categories of Injury (cont.)
Opponent-inflicted - Accidental Injured player is allowed 15 minutes to recover If the player is then unable to resume play, the match is awarded to the injured player Opponent-inflicted - Deliberate If the injured player requires ANY recovery time, the match is awarded to the injured player If the injured player is able to continue immediately then the match continues (Conduct rules are applied to the opponent)
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Bleeding Whenever bleeding occurs, play must stop and the player must leave the court immediately to attend to the bleeding The player is allowed a reasonable time to stop the bleeding Play may only resume after the bleeding has stopped If the bleeding is caused a result of the opponent’s deliberate or dangerous action, the match is awarded to the injured player If bleeding re-occurs, no further recovery time is permitted and the player must concede the game in progress, using the 90-second interval for further treatment. If the bleeding has not then stopped, the player must concede the match
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Conduct Neither player may request a change of any Official
Players must not behave in a manner that is; unfair, dangerous, abusive, offensive or in any way detrimental to the sport If a player’s conduct is unacceptable, the Referee must penalize the player with a Conduct Warning, Conduct Stroke, Conduct Game or Conduct Match as appropriate. The Referee can award the penalty as follows: Conduct Warning player A for receiving coaching during play Conduct player A, Stroke to player B for time wasting Discuss with the group what situations might constitute using the Conduct rule. Unacceptable behaviour includes: Audible or visible obscenity Verbal, physical or any other form of abuse Unnecessary physical contact, which includes pushing off the opponent Dangerous play, including an excessive racket swing Dissent to an official Abuse of equipment or court Unfair warm-up Delaying play, including being late back on to court Deliberate distraction Receiving coaching during play
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Summary The Marker is responsible for announcing the score and making the appropriate call when the ball is not good The Referee is responsible for deciding on any appeals by the players and enforcing all rules relating to time. The Referee’s decision is final. The OUTGOING PLAYER must make EVERY EFFORT to clear the ball and allow the incoming player a fair view of the ball, direct access to the ball, space for a reasonable swing and freedom to hit the ball to the front wall. The INCOMING PLAYER must make EVERY EFFORT to get to and play the ball There are 3 different categories of injury, each with differing recovery times The Conduct Rule (Rule 15) can (and MUST) be used to penalize unsportsmanlike behaviour on the court
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Any Questions?
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Useful Resources Squash SA website for refereeing resources
Marking sheets How to become a qualified referee List of referees in SA Refereeing structure Who to contact regarding refereeing WSF Website Singles Rules 2014 | V pdf Introduction to the Rules of Singles Squash 2014 | content/uploads/2015/11/150601_Rules-of-Singles-Squash-2014-V pdf International Doubles Rules 2015 | Final.pdf Sanctioned Protective Eyewear |
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