1. Social and Behavioural aspects of Pharmacy Practice Fall 2012-13

2. Pharmacists have to deal with many social and behavioral issues in their daily work either directly or indirectly.
It is also important for a pharmacist to know about illness behavior and medical treatment.

3. Behavioural sciences A science or branch of learning,
as psychology( علم النفس )or sociology ( علم الإجتماع) ,
that derives its concepts from observation of the
behavior of living organisms
It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human/animal behaviour
It is associated with the decision process and communication strategies, the activities and the interactions of the pharmacist with the surrounding

4. The behavior of a pharmacist is
important in preventing and treating
many diseases.
Pharmacists serve as an essential link to
patients in health care management
Pharmacists can help patients choose lifestyles that are safe and achievable
eg: obesity-involves self monitoring
of diet and exercise, increase patient
awareness, determine patient compliance,
patient motivation

5. Social sciences
A branch of science that deals with the study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society
provide a perceptive framework to study the processes of a social system through impacts of social organisation on structural adjustment of the individual and of groups.
include sociology, economics, history, public health, anthropology ( علم الانسان )
and political sciences.

6. studies the human aspects of the world,
explains individual actions(pharmacist and physician) as related
to the society in the relation to health and illness-meet needs of patient.
Pharmacist-physician, pharmacist patient-
prevent and treat diseases

7. Community pharmacists are the professionals who can interact with patients friendly –therapy success
Pharmacist will receive more respect and appreciation from the society by solving drug related problems.
Patients depends on pharmacist for solving health problems- should have the time and knowledge

8. Psychology scientific study of human or other animal
mental functions and behaviors.
Psychological knowledge helps in the assessment and treatment of mental health problems
It helps understanding patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion in individuals, commonly referred to as personality eg:behavior of children, old age, mental patients
It also explains the understanding of
patient’s response to illness
and treatment

9. HEALTH,ILLNESS AND DISEASE
Sociological
health is any state in which individual capacity is maximized
Psychological
successful progression
through various stages of development.
Medical
absence of disease/maintenance of physiological
parameters within normal
WHO(1948)
Health is defined as “the state of complete physical,mental and social wellbeing”
People spend money to maintain health or to return to a healthy state.

10. Illness feeling of being unwell.
any behaviour taken by an individual who feels ill to relieve it.
Patients behavior to illness differs:
may ignore the symptoms
It is dangerous-cancer; certain diseases
are self limiting; chronic symptoms
must not be ignored(cough, pain, bleeding)
consult with family
Not a proper way of treating diseases; prefer medicinal herbs

11. consult with friends
Mostly observed in sexually transmitted diseases
Self medication
Around 50%; some may use old drugs stored at home which may be expired or not of choice; majority depends on pharmacist for non prescription drugs
visit family doctor/GP
May not be specialized; misuse of antibiotics and vitamins occur
turn to medical care system
Hospitals may be government or private; outpatient or inpatient

12. Many social and psychological factors are involved
which decides on the type of illness behaviour taken
by the individual
Factors which affect illness behaviour are socio economic status, nature of symptoms, age, gender, ethnicity, education, family structure and social networks. It could also be related to health care coverage and insurance

13. SOCIAL EFFECTS OF DISEASE
abnormal medical condition affecting the body-signs and symptoms
SOCIAL EFFECTS OF DISEASE

14. In olden days, disease was attributed to a variety of spiritual or mechanical forces.
Interpreted as a punishment by God for sinful behavior or the result of an imbalance of body elements
During the nineteenth century, discovered microorganisms as cause of infectious disease and identified that mind and body were independent.

15. SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL MODEL
States that the risk conditions which evolve from the social and physical environments in which we live has a direct influence on health.
Health is also affected by the physiological ,psychosocial and behavioural risk factors.
In order to promote health of the population, the basic needs of one’s life needs to be controlled.

16. HEALTH STATUS Risk conditions Physiological risk factors
Behavioural risk factors
Psychosocial risk factors
HEALTH STATUS

17. Physiological risk factors Behavioural risk factors
Risk conditions
Physiological risk factors
Behavioural risk factors
Psychosocial risk factors
Poverty
Hypertension
Smoking
Isolation
Low education / occupational status
Immune disorders
Poor diet
Lack of social support
Stressful work
Diabetes
No exercise
Low self-esteem
Polluted environment
Genetic factors
Alcohol
Self –blame
Discrimination
Hypercholesterolemia
Low perceived power and control
Low political power
Hopelessness
Large gaps in income
Poor housing
Inadequate access to healthy food

18. Social support
Marital status has an influence on psychological states and lifestyles
Married tend to be happier and
more satisfied with life than unmarried.
They are less likely to be socially isolated and have more social bonds.
Studies have proved that people (with disabilities) who are having few social contacts were more likely to deteriorate than people with high levels of contact with others.
Social support refers to practical assistance,
financial help, psychological support and providing
information and advice.

19. Life events Stressful life has a negative impact on health.
Lead to disturbances in the control of diseases like diabetes
Cause duodenal ulcers and appendicitis
Women are more prone to develop
depression, due to various factors
Life stress was an important
component of functional disorders

20. Physical environments in which people work also damages health
Lack of freedom to make decisions at work(stressful and demanding) leads to behavioral risks(smoking),physiological risks(high BP) and affects health outcomes(heart disease)
Unemployment
Have a negative effect on health
Become chronic and affects the existence
of individual
Experience more illness(increased blood pressure etc..) and increased mortality

21. Biological pathways Environmental circumstances (stressors)
causes physiological and psychological
changes in the body.
Stress-outcome depression-changes in the body-cause disease directly/make the individual more prone to disease.
Social support and psychological factors such as personality characteristics also affect health outcome
Behavioural responses to stressors-
damages health.