1. Ch. 4
Energy & Mineral Resources

2. Uses … What resources have you used within the last hour? List them.
Were they renewable or nonrenewable?

3. Resources
Renewable – can be replenished over short time (months, years, decades)
Ex) plants, animals, natural fibers, trees
(food, clothes, paper, lumber)

4. Nonrenewable – take millions of years to form and accumulate.
Ex) coal, oil, natural gas, metals
(fuel, iron, gold)

5. Make a T-Chart Title one side renewable resources
and one side nonrenewable resources.
Classify as many things as you can in this room as either type of resource. 5

6. H C Fossil fuels Hydrocarbon (Hydrogen & carbon)
Used as source of energy
Ex) Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum
How did fossil fuels form? 1 6 H C
1.0079
12.011

7. Coal Forms when plant material is exposed to heat and pressure
4 stages:
Peat: partial decay, soil-like
Lignite: sedimentary rock, brown coal
Bituminous: soft coal
Anthracite: metamorphic rock, hard coal

9. Coal cont. Used by power plants to generate electricity
Lots of coal reserves in U.S.
Problems
Scars land
Loss of life and health
Air pollution (sulfur … acid rain)

10. Petroleum & Natural Gas
Form from remains of plants and animals buried in ancient seas.
Steps:
Buried under sediments (protects against decay)
Chemical reactions transform in to liquid and gas

11. Petroleum & Natural Gas
After formation:
Squeezed from mud-rich sediments
Move into permeable rocks (under water)
Less dense then water so float on top
World supplies will deteriorate

12. Oil Traps – rock structure that accumulates liquids that trap oil and gas under the surface
Ex) Anticline
P. 96, figure 3

13. Alternate Fuel Sources
Tar Sands - clay, sand and water mixed with thick tar (bitumen)
Occur in sandstone, limestone, shale
Hard to mine (very thick)

14. Oil Shale – rock containing kerogan (fossil fuel)
Mined
Expensive to process

15. Mineral Resources
Deposits of minerals that can be extracted from rocks for profit
Form from rock cycle processes
Metals and Nonmetals
Ex) Ore – useful metallic mineral mined for $$$

16. Alternate Energy Sources
Solar
Nuclear
Wind
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Tidal

17. Solar Energy Direct use of sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity
Passive and active types
Advantages … free and non-polluting
Disadvantages … equipment and install costly, clouds

19. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission – nuclei of atoms split releasing lots of energy
Fuel is radioactive materials
Heat & Electric
Power plants
Advantages … lots of energy
Disadvantages … costly to build safe facilities and many hazards

20. Nuclear Fission Reaction

21. Wind Energy Wind powers turbines that power electrical energy
Advantages … natural & renewable
Disadvantages … location (islands), noise pollution, land availability

22. Hydroelectric Power
Falling water drives waterwheels and turbines which produce electricity
5% of electricity in U.S.
Dams
Advantages … water power is renewable
Disadvantages … dams have lifespan, available locations

24. Geothermal Energy Underground hot water and steam
Heat and turn turbines generating electric power
Occur around recent volcanic activity (magma)
Advantages … clean, natural
Disadvantages … exhaustible, limited locations

26. Tidal Power Ocean and tides generate electrical energy
In-Out flow of tides drives turbines
Advantages … natural, water power is renewable
Disadvantages … costly to build

28. Section 4.3 – Water, Air & Land Resources/Pollution

29. Pollution types Point source: specified location Ex) factory pipes
Nonpoint source: no specific origin
Ex) Oil from streets
Sediment from construction sites
Pesticides from fields

30. Earth = the Water Planet
97% salt water (oceans) % fresh water

31. Freshwater Pollution Negative Effects Damage human body
Sicken or kill aquatic life
Cause disease

32. AIR Made of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water Vapor and other gases.
Composition maintains life
78% N
21% O
1% other gases

33. Acid Rain Greenhouse Gas
Air Pollution
1) Fossil Fuel Burning
Acid Rain Greenhouse Gas
-Cars -CO2
-Power plants -Warms planet Global Warming

34. Air Pollution 2) Ozone Depletion - CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
- Aerosol cans, A.C., Plastics
- Less protection from radiation

35. Air Pollution Heath Effects … - Coughing
- Lung, eye, throat irritation
- Asthma, Emphysema, Cancer

36. Land Provides Giving us … Soil Forests Mineral resources
Energy resources
Giving us …
food -- zinc, copper
lumber -- plastics
petroleum

37. Damage to Land 1) Mining ---- 500,000 in U.S Tears up surface
Destroys plants
Soil Erosion
Creates pollution

38. Damage to Land 2) Agriculture (farming) Decrease amount of groundwater
Salinization of soil (salt build up) … not fertile anymore

39. Damage to Land 3) Tree cutting Susceptible to soil erosion
Destroys ecosystems and wildlife homes
Increases hazards (floods)

40. Damage to Land 4) Waste Disposal Leak harmful waste
Damage soil & water supplies

41. Section 4.4 – Protecting Resources

42. U.S. Statistics USE 1/3 of World’s resources
PRODUCE 1/3 of World’s Trash
Leads to POLLUTION! Need to CONSERVE!

43. Conservation Careful use of resources
Pollution prevention (air, water, land)

44. Keeping Water Safe & Clean
Clean Water Act:
Reduce point source pollution
Increase sewage treatment plants
Safe Water Drinking Act (1974):
Set maximum pollution levels
** Safe Water amounts increased from 36% (1972) to 62% (1999)!!

45. Protecting the Air Clean Air Act (1970):
Made standards for 6 major pollutants
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
Lead
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides’
Particulates

46. By 2001, emissions of these decreased 24%, even though energy use and population increased
Alternate Energy Sources
Energy Conservation

47. Caring for Land: Prevent pollution and manage wisely
Soil Conservation
Contour plowing & Strip Cropping
Selective Cutting
Preserves forests, soils, wildlife

48. Less farming chemicals
Natural fertilizers (compost)
Reduce runoff pollution
Sanitary Landfills (no dumps)
Liners protect from leaking

49. LAWS 1) Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (1976):
- decreased illegal/unsafe dumping
- guidelines for transport/storage of hazardous waste

50. - requires clean up of abandon hazardous waste sites
2) Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980):
- requires clean up of abandon hazardous waste sites
RECYCLING: collecting and processing of used items so they can be made into new products