1. Classical Civilizations in World History
China (Qin and Han)
India (Maurya and gupta)
Greece
Rome

2. What is a Classic? Music Movies Clothing Sports Art Architecture
Theater
Literature

3. Classical Characteristics
1) Something in the past 2) Original – Unique - One of a Kind 3) Memorable 4) Influential 5) Easily Recognized

8. Four Areas of the World Had Classical Civilizations
China
India
Greece
Italy (ROME)

9. All Classic Civilizations Have…
A “Golden Age” – Period of Peace and Prosperity (great accomplishments and wealth)
Advances in culture – Art, Architecture, Literature
Science, Technology, and Math
An impact on others

10. Classical Civilizations in China
Qin Dynasty
Leader: Shi Huangdi
Time Period: 221 BCE – 202 BCE
Philosophy: Legalism
Type of Government:
TOTALITARIAN/Strong Central Government
Eliminate Confucianism (No Education)
Military and Agriculture are Most Important
Accomplishments:
Great Wall for Protection (Construction Begins)
Major Public Works (Flood Control, Irrigation)
Writing System
Standardized Weights and Measures
Decline/Fall:
Overthrown by Han due to harsh policies

11. Classical Civilizations in China
Han Dynasty
Leader: Liu Bang/Han Wudi
Time Period: 206 BCE – 220 CE
Philosophy: Confucianism
Type of Government:
Confucian Bureaucracy
Merit Based System
Education and Family are Most Important
Accomplishments:
Civil Service Exam System
Technological Innovation: Paper, Shipbuilding
Decline/Fall:
Weak Leadership
Invasion
High Taxes

12. Classical Civilizations in India
Maurya Empire
Chandragupta Maurya created 1st Indian Empire through CONQUEST.
Chandragupta Maintains Order in India
1) Well maintained Bureaucracy
2) Royal Court – Justice System
3) Effective Tax System
4) Public Works: Roads and Buildings for Trade
Asoka – “The Most Honored Emperor”
Accomplishments:
1) Peace and Prosperity to Empire
2) United diverse Empire
3) Buddhist Principles – Law throughout empire
Conversion to Buddhism:
Missionaries spread beliefs
Stupas (Buddhist Shrines) throughout empire

13. Classical Civilizations in India
Gupta Empire
500 years after the Maurya Empire ended the Guptas began their empire; it is considered India’s GOLDEN AGE or Period of Peace and Prosperity.
India’s GOLDEN AGE
Math: Concept of zero, Decimal system
Medicine: Surgery, Vaccines, Hospitals
Architecture: Buddhist Stupas, Travel lodges
Literature: Drama and Poetry
Government: Elected leaders, Schools
DECLINE OF THE GUPTA
Civil War
Weak leaders
Foreign Invaders

14. The Parthenon

15. The Coloseum

16. Common Features of Golden Age Civilizations
Period of Peace and Prosperity: Empires are free from invasion and are considered secure, which leads to more trade and greater wealth and happiness. Advancements in Art/Architecture: Greater specialization leads to advances in both areas. Examples: Coloseum (Rome), Parthenon (Greece) Stable Government: Governments meet the needs of their people and provide stability and order. Examples: Roman Republic, Chinese Bureaucracy. Economic Success: Massive surpluses, profitable trade and urbanization cause unprecedented economic growth. Emphasis on Learning/Education: Stability and order allows people to focus on education and learning by building schools, libraries and museums. Examples: Greek philosophy (Socrates), Hellenistic Libraries (Alexandria).

17. Major Belief Systems in India and China
Confucianism (CHINA): Philosophy which promotes education, 5 basic relationships (social class structure) and responsible government. Legalism (CHINA): Philosophy that focuses on a STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (Totalitarian) and emphasizes Military and Agriculture. Buddhism (INDIA): Non-Violent religion in which followers seek to attain Nirvana and strive for inner peace by eliminating desires through the Eightfold Path. Hinduism (INDIA): Religion that creates a rigid social class structure (CASTE SYSTEM) and focuses on reincarnation, karma and dharma. Provides stability and order for India.

18. Classical Civilization in Greece
GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES
IMPACT
Mountainous Topography (Rocky Land)
Lack of Unity, Division into City-States
Peninsula (Aegean, Mediterranean Sea)
Profitable sea trade and travel
Mediterranean Climate
Long growing season for OLIVES and GRAPES (Wine)

19. Greek Government
City-State: A city that forms an independent state with the surrounding territory (Autonomous).
Types of Government in Ancient Greece
Monarchy – Government is controlled by one person
Aristocracy – Power is controlled by a small, wealthy, privileged ruling class.
Oligarchy – Government controlled by a small group (Sparta – 5 Ephors)
Democracy – Power is in the hands of the people who participate directly in their own governance. (Athens-Direct Democracy)

20. Athens and Sparta Athens Sparta Government: Direct Democracy
Values:
Freedom
Philosophy
Education
Citizenship
Sparta
Government: Oligarchy
Values:
Military
Order
Discipline
Loyalty to Sparta

21. Greek Philosophy The Age of Pericles
Socrates: “Father of Philosophy,” Socratic Method
Plato: Wrote “The Republic,” Philosopher-King
Aristotle: Plato’s Student, School of Athens, Human Reason
The Age of Pericles
Greece’s Golden Age
Glorification of Athens
Parthenon/Acropolis
Strong Democracy
Athenian Empire
Philosophy/Drama
Oedipus the King
The Apology of Socrates
Courts/Justice
Homer – The Iliad and the Odyssey

22. Alexander the Great
In just 10 years Alexander conquered a huge empire that stretched 20,000 miles from Greece to India. He spread Greek culture and civilization throughout Eurasia.
Peloponnesian War (431 BCE-404BCE): War between Athens and Sparta for power, weakens all Greeks and makes them vulnerable to attack.
Extraordinary Military Leader – Conquers 90% of the known world (Egypt to India)
Dies at 33 and his empire is divided into 3 “Hellenistic” Empires – Hellenistic Culture: Combines Greek, Egyptian, Indian and Persian cultures
Achievements: Advanced Cities (Alexandria), Learning (Libraries and Museums), Math, Science, Astronomy, CULTURAL DIFFUSION

23. Attractions/Learning Mathematics and Physics
Hellenistic Culture
Cultural Diffusion: The Spread of ideas, goods, culture from one society to another.
Alexander’s Empire combines the cultures of: Greece, Egypt, Persia and India.
Attractions/Learning
Museum
Temple dedicated to the muses (Greek Goddesses)
Zoo, Botanical Gardens, Research, Art Galleries
Alexandrian Library
½ Million Papyrus Scrolls
1st research library in the world
Astronomy
Ptolemy
Earth Centered Universe
Eratosthenes
Calculated circumference of the Earth.
Mathematics and Physics
Archimedes Pi
Lever, Screw, Pulley
Euclid
Geometry

24. The Roman empire

25. Geography All Roads Lead to Rome Mediterranean Sea Fertile Soil
(Strategic location with key trade routes)
Fertile Soil
Warm Climate

26. Roman Military Strengths
Roman Expansion
Punic Wars (264 BCE-146 BCE)
Battle with Carthage
Roman expansion throught Mediterranean Sea. (Mare Nostrum)
Roman Military Strengths
Citizen Soldiers
Road Network
Military Values

28. Hannibal

31. The Early Republic
Rome was founded as a REPUBLIC and was controlled by the PATRICIANS. Over time the Plebeians revolted and gained elected representatives and a Code of Law known as the 12 TABLES.
Republic – A form of government in which power rests with citizens who vote to elect representatives.
Patricians – Aristocratic landowners (most power)
Plebeians – Commoners, farmers and merchants (most people)
Citizens - all free born males are an active part of the empire
12 Tables – Roman laws provided order and stability for all

32. Aim: Strong leaders create and empire

33. Strong Leaders Create an Empire
Struggles For Power
First Triumvirate (Rule of 3) – Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
Second Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus
Mark Antony v. Octavian – Battle of Actium
Julius Caesar
44 BC – Dictator for life
Helped poor, public works, extended citizenship to provinces
Assassinated March 15th, 44 BC
Augustus Caesar (Octavian)
Imperator of Rome – Absolute Ruler
Begins Pax Romana –ROMES GOLDEN AGE
Best Emperor: Stabilized Government
Public Works, Civil Service, Postal System

34. Julius Caesar

35. Battle of Actium

36. Aim: What was the Pax Romana?

37. Characteristics of the Pax Romana
The Pax Romana or “Roman Peace” is considered Rome’s Golden Age. This period of Peace and Prosperity is the height of the Roman Empire.
Economic Prosperity
Roman Roads (Trade and Military)
Silk Road Trade Strengthens- Connects Rome to Asia
Roman Culture
Glorification of Rome (1 million people in the city)
No Major Wars
Stable Government
5 Good Emperors
Women Gain Respect
Still no political power

39. Time to Split for Rome Emperor Diocletian Emperor Constantine
In 284 CE the Empire is divided into 2 parts
Continued Diocletian's reforms.
Empire was TOO LARGE to rule efficiently
CHRISTIANITY-Tolerant, Christianity grows
Improved economy, increased prestige of the Emperor
Moves Capital to CONSTANTINOPLE: Eastern Rome becomes more powerful than Western Rome (Invasion)

41. THE FALL OF ROME (PERMS)
Political
Corruption
Weak Leaders
Division  Inefficient Government
Citizens lack interest in politics
Economic
Rapid Inflation
Government Overspending (Bread and Circus, Mercenaries)
High Taxes
High Poverty
Decline in trade

42. Religious Military Social Old religious values die
Christian Values: Non-Violence, “turn the other cheek”
Military
Empire too large to defend
Constant barbarian invasions (Western Rome)
Mercenary soldiers are not as good as citizen soldiers
Social
Military values wear down
CLASS TENSION: Patricians vs Plebeians
People just want to be entertained (Bread and Circus)…No value in HARD WORK