1. Warm-up: write everything you know about the atom
I’ll pass back the final Friday

2. The Atom: What is it
Building block of all matter. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
Atom: Smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties.
So Small:
a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.
a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion (1X1012) atoms.
This cup of water weighs 83g . 2.8X1024 atoms.
1 trillion atoms 

3. The Atom: Structure Made up Protons(+), Neutrons, and Electrons(-).
Protons and neutrons are 1840 time larger than
the electron.
Protons(+): Positive charged particles in the nucleus = atomic #
In the nucleus, equal to the # of electrons, contributes to atomic mass.
Neutrons have no charge, in the nucleus, contributes to atomic mass.
Electrons(-) Outside the nucleus, orbit the nucleus in levels, move so fast
they create an electron cloud, mass is insignificant compared to protons and neutrons,
involved in forming chemical bonds, equal to the number of protons.
Carbon Atom
Atomic # 6

4. Elements and the periodic table
Element is the pure substance of one type of atom.
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configurations(levels) and recurring chemical properties. As you go left to right and down the table you increase atomic number and mass.

5. Chemical Bonding. Atoms combine to form chemical bonds.
2 main type of bonds are ionic and covalent.
Ionic is where atoms transfer electrons to create positive and negative atoms(ions) to form bonds. NaCl which is sodium chloride is an example.
Covalent bonds are where elements
share electrons. most atom combinations
are molecules.

6. Compounds and Molecules
Compound is when 2 or more elements combine to form chemical bonds.
Molecule is when 2 or more atoms combine to form covalent bonds. Do not have an electrical charge. Molecule is also known as a molecular compound
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
O2 gas is a molecule but not a compound, why?
These newly chemical bonds have different chemical properties and a chemical formula: when H2 hydrogen gas and O2 oxygen gas combine they form H2O Water which has different properties than the 2 gasses

7. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

8. January 16: Warm-up on Macromolecules
What are the primary building blocks of Nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
2.Do unsaturated fats have double bonds?
yes, because of the double bonds they kink so the can’t pack together tightly . That is why they tend to be a liquid.
3. What are the primary building blocks of Fats?
Fatty acids
4. What are the primary building blocks of Proteins?
Amino acids
5 What chemical process is used to break down macromolecules?
hydrolysis; just add water
6. Why do unsaturated fats tend to be liquid rather than solid?
They have double bonds so the fatty acids can’t stack together closely

9. Single-double-triple bonds=

10. Polar Molecules
A covalent molecule that has a positive and negative end.

11. Macromolecules
Composed of sub-units “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Macromolecules: Most are large organic molecules called POLYMERS.
4 Categories
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Macromolecules formed from Dehydration synthesis; removal of water
Cells break down macromolecules by hydrolysis; just add water
What about the monomer glucose?

12. Dehydration Synthesis

13. Carbohydrates: Most universal used energy source, Instant energy!
Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Simple sugars; monosaccharide; one sugar unit; eg glucose (C6H12O6); monomer
Simple sugars; disaccharide; 2 sugars unit, eg Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Complex sugars; polysaccharide; many sugar units, eg starch (bread, potatoes, cellulose- Fiber!)
Disaccharides

15. Lipids
Remember: “stores the most energy”, More energy per gram than any other biological molecule
Hydrophobic not soluble in water, because they are not polar molecules, like water is
What are polar molecules?
3 Categories:
Triglycerides:
Phospholipids
Steroids

16. The most familiar Lipids are called the triglycerides.
Trigycerides
The most familiar Lipids are called the triglycerides.
Fats, oils, and waxes
Because the are hydrophobic, they need emulsifiers to help break down for digestion.
Emulsifiers have a non-polar end that lines up the triglyceride and a polar end to line up with water
Structure: glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached

17. Triglycerides continued
Fatty Acids: carbon-hydrogen chain that ends with acidic group –COOH, most contain 16 or18 carbon atoms per molecule.
Saturated fatty (bad): No double bonds. Form plaque in bloodstream
Unsaturated fatty : Has double bonds.
Trans fats(very bad) Hydrogens are Trans instead of Cis; difficult to break down and a accumulate in the bloodstream

18. Phospholipids
Phospholipids are like fats except instead of 3rd fatty acid there is a phosphate group that contains phosphate and nitrogen . This phosphate group is polar. Forms a polar hydrophilic head, with the rest of the molecule being hydrophobic. Used in plasma membranes.

19. Steroids Steroids have a much different structure from the fats.
4 fused rings
Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen.
Cholesterol:
Soft waxy substance
Helps to produce cell membranes, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that help you digest fat.
The liver makes enough for us, but we also get in when we et meat.

20. Lipids ! Glycerol------ Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes(phospholipids)
Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. !
Glycerol------

22. Proteins
Building block are Amino acids (20 different kinds of amino acids) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Cannot function unless they have a specific shape.
When exposed to extreme heat/pH undergo irreversible change in shape called denaturation, where normal bonding is disturbed.
Researchers found that a change in protein shape is responsible for Alzheimer’s

23. Proteins cont’d Some proteins only have one peptide bond.
3 levels of organization:
Primary: a chain of amino acids
Secondary: sequence linked by H
bonds
Tertiary: twists due to
hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions
Quaternary: 2 or more associated
polypeptides

24. Proteins cont’d Six functions of proteins:
Storage: albumin (egg white)
Transport: hemoglobin
Regulatory: hormones
Movement: muscles
Structural: membranes, hair, nails
Enzymes: cellular reactions

25. Enzymes Speeds up the rate of reaction
The reactants that participate in the reaction are called the enzyme’s substrate.
Enzymes are often named after they’re substrate; lactose broken down the enzyme lactase
Enzymes have a specific region where substrate’s are brought together called the active site.
Fit together like a jigsaw puzzle
They are a catalyst, so they are no used up.
Lower the activation energy.

27. Check Answers with Key on table.
Warm -Up
Check Answers with Key on table.
Quiz Monday on macromolecules study notes!

28. Nucleic Acids Goals: Describe the structure of DNA and RNA
Explain the differences between DNA and RNA
Summarize key points of macromolecules

29. Nucleic Acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.
Store information for life.

30. Nucleic Acids cont’d DNA and RNA structure DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose
Bases
Adenine,Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Structure
Double Stranded with base pairing
Single stranded
Helix
Yes No

31. Not all nucleotides are made into DNA or RNA polymers
Some involved in metabolic functions in cells:
One of the components of coenzymes, help prepare the active site of the enzyme for the substrate.
ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cells

34. Video Macromolecules: Crash Course

35. HMMMM. Which Macromolecule?
you needed a quick boost of energy?
monosaccharide
you haven’t eaten in days?
protein
you wanted to grow healthy hair?
you had a race tomorrow afternoon?
polysaccharide
you were getting ready for hibernation?
lipid
you wanted to get bigger muscles?
your next meal will be in a week?

36. Exit Slip

37. Video: Inside the Human Body