1. The Age of Imperialism
Chapter 27
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2. Chapter Themes Movement Change
Political, economic, and social factors lead to the Age of Imperialism
Change
European powers divide most of africa into colonies, and Africans resist European intervention and colonialism
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3. Chapter Themes (cont) Reaction Nationalism
India and China come under European control or influence, while Japan tries to meet the Western challenge
Nationalism
Nationalism intensifies in Latin America as United States involvement in the region increases
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4. Historical Significance
How did the spread of empires affect peoples in Asia, Africa, and Latin America? How did colonial peoples respond to Western rule?
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5. Pressures to Expand Section 1
Main idea: There were political, economic and social causes of imperialism
Terms to Define:
Imperialism: one country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country
Colony: a territory that an imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials
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6. Pressures to Expand Section 1
Terms to Define (cont)
Protectorate: a territory that has its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power
Sphere of Influence: a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights
People to Meet: Cecil Rhodes and Rudyard Kipling
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7. Pressures for Expansion Section 1
Places to Locate
Algeria
Australia
New Zealand
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
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8. Pressures for Expansion Overview
Imperialism: Latin word from the days of the Romans—dominating another country
Imperial Rome controlled most of Mediterranean
By 1800, handful of countries and the United States controlled much of the world
1800 to 1914 has come to be known as the Age of Imperialism
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9. Pressures for Expansion Section 1
Why did Imperialism happen?
European nations were rivals. These rivals competed with each other by building their empires larger and larger
Industrial Revolution created demand for new markets that caused European nations to seek other lands to control
Religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural superiority inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant lands
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10. Political Rivalries
Mid-1800s, European countries saw themselves as actors on the world stage
Each country wanted to play a starring role
Once one nation began, others wanted to also
Quest for colonies caused territorial disputes
Once begun, the quest for colonies seemed to have a life of its own and no limits
European troops found themselves facing off in remote battlefields of Africa and Asia
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11. Political Rivalries (cont)
Communication to the colonies was slow
Governors and generals take matters into their own hands
If no borders were apparent, commanders might use their troops to take more land
However, colonial governments started claiming the same land
New conflicts arose and troops were now facing off in distance lands
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12. Desire for New Markets Industrial Revolution
Owners of factories found new sources of raw materials and new markets for their products in foreign lands
European countries and the United States found raw materials to churn out their products
On the flip side, there were customers for these products so customers seemed to like the products—no customers, no revolution
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13. Desire for New Markets (cont)
Africa
Rubber, copper, gold
India
Jute, cotton
Other resources
Bananas, oranges, melons, tea, cocoa, coffee, etc., to European markets
Tools, weapons, and clothing flowed from Europe to the colonies
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14. Seeking New Opportunities
Imperialism involved more than just products
Colonies needed people to go to the new colonies where were loyal
Throughout the 1800s, people responded by moving to the colonies
The French
For example, thousands of French citizens sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Algeria to start farms and estates seized from Algerian farmers
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15. Seeking New Opportunities (cont)
The French and the British emigrated to the far corners of the globe
The British
Many rushed to Australia and New Zealand
1850s
In search of gold
Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
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16. Seeking New Opportunities (cont)
People saw an opportunity to get rich or make name for themselves
Cecil Rhodes
Perhaps greatest example of making it rich
British adventurer
Gold from African diamond mines
Rhodes founded a colony once called Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe
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17. Civilizing Mission
The desire to spread Western technology, religion, customs, and traditions also fueled colonial expansion
In this Age of Imperialism, growing numbers of Catholic and Protestant missionaries went to remote corners of Africa and Asia
Built churches and set p schools to “civilize” the native peoples
Believed Christianity and Western Civilization could benefit and transform the world
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18. Civilizing Mission
Not military conquerors, but did try to impose beliefs and customs
Missionaries set up hospitals and schools
Insisted their “colonial subjects” learn European languages and practice Western lifestyles
Discouraged traditional customs and beliefs
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19. Civilizing Mission
Social Darwinists adapted Darwin’s notion of “the survival of the fittest” to explain that white Europeans were the “fittest” people in the world and so had a duty to spread Western ideas to “backward” peoples
“Fittest peoples” was proof of cultural superiority
Rudyard Kipling: “The White Man’s Burden”
“Take up the White Man’s burden-”
“Send forth the best ye breed-”
“Go bind your sons to exile-” etc…
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20. Forms of Imperialism Imperial powers gained new lands
Through treaties
Through purchases
Through military conquest
Once in power, several forms of control
Colony: a territory that imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials
Protectorate: had its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power
Sphere of influence: a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights
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21. Your Homework Assignment
Write an essay
Summarize the causes and effects of imperialism
Introduction
Paragraph on political causes and effects
Paragraph on economic causes and effects
Paragraph on social causes and effects
Conclusion: was imperialism good for the peoples of the world or not? What was good about it, bad?
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22. The Partition of Africa Section 2
Main Idea: Imperialism greatly affected the continent of Africa
Terms to Define: Partition
People to Meet: David Livingston, Abd al-Qadir, Muhammad Ali, Samory Toure, Menelik II, the Africaners, Shaka
Places to locate: Morocco, Egypt, the Sudan, Liberia, Ethiopia, Union of South Africa
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23. The Partition of Africa Overview
Little was known of the interior of Africa before 1800s
By mid-1800s, Europeans were venturing to the inner regions of the Continent, including Livingston
Best known was Dr. David Livingston
Scottish doctor and Missionary
Sent reports back to Great Britain
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24. The Partition of Africa Overview (cont)
Europeans lost touch with Livingston and sent Henry M. Stanley to find him
British journalist and explorer
Famous greeting in the jungle in 1871, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
Stanley proceeded to make many explorations
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25. The Partition of Africa Overview (cont)
Publicity covering Livingstone and Stanley generated European interest in Africa
Interest swelled when other explorers sent reports on natural resources
Scramble for African land 1880 to 1914
Nations (14) met in Berlin, 1885, to partition Africa
King Leopold II of Belgium called Africa, “this magnificent African cake”
By 1914, European nations controlled 90% of Africa
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26. The Partition of Africa: North Africa
Most people live between Sahara Desert and Mediterranean Sea
Fertile land, mild climate
Ruled by Ottomans
Three nations then: Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers
Same nations now: Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria—all independent
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27. North Africa: Britain and Egypt
After Ali, not good
Debts rose
More European influence
Ferdinand de Lesseps built Suez Canal
French entrepreneur
Joined Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
Vital shortcut between Europe and Asia
Especially valued by Brits; their link to India
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28. North Africa: The French in North Africa
King Charles X of France invaded Algiers to colonize
Abd al-Qadir, leader, put up effective resistance
After 10 years and using 100,000 troops, France subdued Algiers
The French then subdued neighboring Tunis, securing special rights to Morocco
About 1 million French people settled in North Africa
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29. North Africa: Britain and Egypt
During early 1800s, Ottoman Egypt was virtually independent under its governor, Muhammad Ali
Conquered neighboring lands
Good government
Reformed tax and land systems
Supported industry
Supported irrigation projects
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30. North Africa: Britain and Egypt
To pay debts, Egypt sells its canal shares to British giving them control
British becomes greater influence
British defeats Egyptian revolt by Ahmed Arabi
Egypt becomes British protectorate
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31. North Africa: Britain and Egypt
The Sudanese had challenged British expansion for years under their leader, the Mahdi
Brits defeat Sudan using Maxim machine guns
Battle of Omdurman
Brits then confront French at Fashoda
Brits and French agree: Brits get Sudan and France controls Morocco
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32. North Africa: Italy Seizes Libya
Known as Tripoli (1800s), now Libya, Italy wanted it
Italy wanted to establish an African empire
Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire and defeated them. They had ruled Tripoli
Italy renamed Tripoli, Libya
Libya was last country in North Africa conquered by European nations
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33. The Partition of Africa: West, Central, and East Africa
Varied landscapes: mountains, plains, deserts, etc
During 1800s, many regions, each unique
Europeans exploit lack of political unity and cohesion
Swallowed up most of lands in late 1800s
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34. West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa
During 1500s-1600s, Europeans traded along the west coast of Africa
Transatlantic slave trade provided slaves to plantations and mines in the Americas
West Africa states traded salt, gold, and iron wares with the Europeans. Local leaders also supplied prisoners of war to the slave trade
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35. West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa
During 1800s, many Western nations, including the United States, abolished slavery
Slave trade continued from Africa to Middle East and Asia
West African states, weak after loss of people through slave market, traded natural products for European manufactured goods
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36. West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa
To control trade and expand holdings, Europeans began to push inward
European were reluctant: disease and difficult terrain
Discovery of quinine to fight malaria and steamboats made internal exploration OK
By 1900, France and Great Britain especially, had large land masses in West Africa
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37. West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa
European expansion was challenged
Samory Toure (sah*MOHR*ree*too*RAY) and Behanzin
West African rulers
Led armies against French
Ashanti queen Yaa Asantwaa fought British expansion
Well armed European forces defeated Africans
Liberia was left alone
Established 1822 by free African Americans; republic in 1847
Ties to United States made it off limits
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38. West, Central, and East Africa: Central and East Africa
Henry M. Stanley reached Congo River
Belgium’s King Leopold claims Congo region for his own
Enslaves Congolese people
Has rubber tree forests cut down
Kills elephant herds for ivory tusks
Brutality lasted about 20 years
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39. West, Central and East Africa: Central and East Africa
Leopold gave his plantation to Belgium for large loan in 1908
Region became known as Belgium Congo
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40. West, Central, and East Africa: Central and East Africa
British, Italians, and Germans claim East African lands
Ethiopia was only East African nation remaining independent at this time
Emperor Menelik II himself had conquered smaller kingdoms.
Menelik crushed Italian forces at Battle of Adowa
No European countries dared to attack him during his lifetime
Ethiopia and Liberia alone avoided the Age of Imperialism
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41. Southern Africa Dutch settlers came to southern Africa in 1652
Established port of Cape Town
Conquered lands around them
Became known as Cape Colony
People became known as the Afrikaners
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42. Southern Africa British seized Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars
Brits saw the advantage; before Suez Canal
Then, fastest route to Asia
Afrikaners resented British rule
Brits forbade slavery
Afrikaners believed themselves superior to Africans and that God ordained slavery
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43. Southern Africa
In 1830s, about 10,000 Afrikaners (Brits called them Boars, meaning “farmer” in Dutch) moved northeast into the interior
Called the Great Trek
Established two independent republics: Transvaal and Orange Free State
Constitution of Transvaal said, “There shall be no equality in State or Church between white and black”
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44. Southern Africa Afrikaners fought constantly with neighbors
Fought Zulus under king Shaka
Both unable to win decisive battles
British became involved in fighting Zulus
Zulus at first defeated the British
With guns and greater numbers, the British destroyed the Zulu empire
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45. Southern Africa Conflict develops between Boars and Brits
In 1880s, British citizens move into Transvaal in search of gold and diamonds
Great Britain, Cecil Rhodes—Prime minister of Cape Colony—and others, wanted all south Africa under British rule
Tensions grew to the Anglo-Boar War which the British won in 3 years
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46. Southern Africa Having won the Anglo-Boar War, the Brits
Unite Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal
New nation called the Union of South Africa
The Constitution made it nearly impossible for nonwhites to vote
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47. Southern Africa Racial equality became dominant issue in new nation
South African groups tried to push equality
Mohandas K. Gandhi, a lawyer from India, urged local Indians to disobey unfair laws
Gandhi’s efforts brought additional rights to Indians
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48. Southern Africa Black majority also took action for rights
Founded the South African Native National Congress (SANNC)
Goal was to give Africans rights in south Africa
Later became the African National Congress (ANC)
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49. Effects of Imperialism
Imperialism had profound effects on Africa
Mostly social and economic
Imperialists profited from drilling mines, working plantations, and building factories and ports
Hired Africans at low wages
Imposed taxes to be paid in cash
Men often housed away from families and subjected to brutal discipline
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50. Effects of Imperialism
More on effects of Imperialism
Schools taught European was were best
Some African traditions declined
Most Africans held on to their cultures
Accepted some European ways
Many came to accept Christianity
By early 1900s, western-educated elite pushed for independence
By the end of the 20th century, African peoples had won their independence from European rule
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