1. Micro/Natural Resources/Biotech review

2. Viruses
Description: § Viruses are _____NON_LIVING______ particles composed of ___NUCLEIC ACID____ (DNA or RNA) and a __PROTEIN____ coat. ( capsid)
Reproduction: § Viruses need a ____HOST_____ cell to reproduce. Viruses invade healthy cells and use the enzymes and organelles of the host cell to make more viruses, usually killing those cells in the process.
Disease: § Viral diseases are among the most ____WIDESPREAD___ illnesses in humans. These illnesses range from mild fevers to some forms of cancer and include several other severe and fatal diseases.
Transmission of these illnesses varies; some are transmitted by __CONTACT__, while others are transmitted through water or an insect bite through a ____VECTOR______
Treatment: the only treatment is ______REST AND FLUIDS__________
Prevention: § ____VACCINES___ and some anti-viral drugs are used to control and prevent the spread of viral diseases.

3. BACTERIA
Description§ Bacteria are prokaryotic single- ____CELLED__ organisms. Bacteria can live in a variety of places (with oxygen, without oxygen, extreme hot, extreme cold).
Reproduction: § Bacteria reproduce through __BINARY FISSION__, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double very quickly.
Disease: common diseases include: STREPT THROAT, EAR INFECTION, PINK-EYE
Transmission: human ___CONTACT__, ___CONTAMINATED_ food or water.
Prevention: § ____ANTIBIOTICS____ are used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. Antibiotic _____RESISTANCE____ in bacteria occurs when mutant bacteria survive an antibiotic treatment and give rise to a resistant population.

4. FUNGI
Description: § Fungi are __EUKARYORIC___, nonphotosynthetic organisms.
Reproduction:§ Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually (producing ___SPORES_____). When the environment is favorable, rapid asexual reproduction ensures an increased spread of the species. During environmental stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic recombination, increasing the likelihood that offspring will be better adapted to the new environmental conditions.
Disease:§ Fungal disease is a major concern for humans because fungi attack not only us but also our ___FOOD___ sources, making fungi competitors with humans for nutrients. ____MOLD_____spores can cause mild to serious allergies in some people. Billions of mold spores can become airborne and may then be inhaled, triggering an allergic reaction.
Transmisison: _____PHYSICAL CONTACT___, airborne
Treatment: ANTI-FUNGAL

5. PARASITES
Description: § A parasite is an organism that feeds on another individual, known as the ______HOST____. They either live on or in their host’s body.
Specialization: § Natural selection favors adaptations that allow a parasite to efficiently exploit its host. Parasites are usually specialized. Tapeworms are so specialized for a parasitic lifestyle that they do not even have a digestive system. They live in the small intestine of their host and absorb nutrients directly through their skin.
Disease: § Infectious _______DISEASE______ may also be caused by animal parasites, which may take up residence in the intestines, bloodstream, or tissues.
Transmission: ____VECTOR___ ( like a mosquito transmitting malaria), _____CONTAMINATED__ food, water, soil.

6. OUTBREAK _A___VIRUS_______ __B____VIRUS_____ __C__BACTERIA
A disease __ OUTBREAK____ happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region, or during a season. An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can last from _____DAYS______ to years. Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak. This may be true if it is an unknown disease, is new to a community, or has been absent from a population for a long time. An outbreak can be considered as an _EPIDEMIC___ or ___PANDEMIC___.

7. EPIDEMIC/PANDEMIC
Epidemic: An ____EPIDEMIC_____ is defined as an illness or health-related issue that is showing up in more cases than would normally be expected. It occurs when an infectious disease spreads _____QUICKLY___ to many people. Epidemics are not as ___WIDESPREAD___ as pandemics
Pandemic: a ____PANDEMIC__ is much more ___WIDESPREAD___ than an epidemic. It also affects a _____GREATER___ number of people.
Examples: a flu strain can begin locally (ePEDIMIC___) but eventually spread globally (pANDEMIC__________). This is not unusual for a new virus, because if people have not been exposed to the virus before, their immune systems are not ready to fight it off, and more people become ill.

8. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional ____BIOTECHNOLOGY_____ was (and still is) the use of ___LIVING_____ organisms to solve problems and make useful products.
EX) Domesticating crop plants and farm animals through selective ___BREEDING____, and using yeast to make bread rise and produce wine are examples of traditional biotechnology.
New biotechnology involves the use of living cells and their molecules to solve _____PROBLEMS__ and make useful ______PRODUCTS_____.
Biotechnology involves working with ___CELLS_____, ____PROTEINS____, and ____GENES______

9. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Many ______INDUSTRIES_____ are finding uses for the new tools provided by biotechnology.
· ____HEALTH____ care -developing better ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.
· _____FOOD____ and agriculture – developing GMOs, pest resistant crops, healthier animals..
· Energy and the ___ENVIRONMENT____, where living cells and their molecules can help us develop new methods to clean up our environment, detect environmental contamination, and reduce our dependence on petroleum.

10. BIOTECHNOLOGY Careers in biotechnology:
PHARMACEUTICAL- MAKING NEW DRUGS, BIOMEDICAL, GENETIC ENGINEERING
Uses of biotechnology:
making medicine in large quantities (e.g. penicillin) and human insulin for the treatment of diabetes, combating crime through DNA testing and forensic testing, removing pollution from soil and water (bioremediation), and improving the quality of agricultural crops and livestock products. Some new areas such as Genetic Modification (GM) and cloning are controversial.

11. NATURAL RESOURCES
___EVERYTHING____ gets its energy from resources in the environment.
Resources can be ___RENEWABLE____ or __NON-RENEWABLE_____
______RENEWABLE____ can be replaced at a rate that is the same or greater than the rate they are being used.
Ex)Air, freshwater, soil, living things, sunlight (SOLAR), wind,

12. NATURAL RESOURCES
NON-RENEWABLE____ are used faster than they can be replaced so they are exhaustable.
Ex) Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), diamonds, metals, and other minerals are nonrenewable. Fossil fuels exist in a fixed amount and can only be replaced by processes that take millions of years.
______CONSERVATION_______ is necessary to preserve non-renewable resources. This is becoming important because the human ___POPULATION___ is increasing.

13. Explain reduce, reuse, and re-cycle:
Reducing involves making a decision to not use a resource when there is an alternative, such as walking or riding a bicycle rather than traveling in a car.
Reusing involves finding a way to use a resource (or product from a resource) again without changing it or reprocessing it, such as washing a drinking glass rather than throwing away plastic or Styrofoam.
Recycling involves reprocessing a resource (or product from a resource) so that the materials can be used again as another item, such as metals, glass or plastics being remade into new metal or glass products or into fibers.

14. NATURAL RESOURCES What are fossil fuels? COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS
How are fossil fuels used and why is this a problem?
THEY ARE USED TO PRODUCE HEAT IN ENERGY PRODUCTION. THIS IS A PROBLEM BECUASE IT RELEASES CO2 IN THE PROCESS CONTRIBUTING TO GLOBAL WARMING.

15. NATURAL RESOURCES
What are some sources of renewable energy and their pros and cons?
ENERGY
PRO
CON
WIND
CONSTANT IN SOME AREAS
CAN HURT BIRDS, AESTHETICS
HYDROELECTRIC
CONSTANT SOURCE
MESSES WITH ECOSYSTEMS
SOLAR
CONSTANT SUN IN SOME PLACES
EXPENSIVE (BUT GETTING CHEAPER!!)