1. What is APA? APA stands for The American Psychological Association
APA is a common format used frequently in the Behavioral, & Social Sciences
APA Manual, 6th edition, 2nd printing

2. What is APA? APA stands for The American Psychological Association
APA is a common format used frequently in the Behavioral, & Social Sciences
APA Manual, 6th edition, 2nd printing

3. Why do we use APA? It is used in graduate school
All papers are the same so easier to read
People will believe what you write
Your work has authority through citations

4. Formatting in general – p. 2
Title before intro
Times New Roman font
12 point
line spacing
Double space throughout no extra spaces
In text citations
Margins 1inch or 2 ½ cm
Indent paragraphs 5 spaces
Block quotes addl. ½ cm
Headers (no intro header) .

5. How do I cite?
There are two parts: In- text Citation Reference page

6. In- text Citation
APA uses the Author-Date System. Dates are included because in scientific research it is assumed that the more recent the research, the more up-to-date and accurate it will be.
Page numbers are used with direct quotations and when paraphrasing a specific idea. When referring to a study in general, pages are not needed.
In each sentence you use a source, you will want to cite it in-text or in parenthesis- it helps the reader locate the source in your references.
Always cite your sources as you write -waiting to add sources when the paper is complete is a bad idea.

7. The two types of in-text citations
As part of the sentence: According to Hamad (2007), potatoes are an important part of an individuals nutritional needs (p. 75).
In parenthesis after the sentence. The period is always after the citation so the reader knows what information the citation is giving: Potatoes are an important part of an individuals nutritional needs (Hamad, 2007, p. 75).

8. In-text Citation
Each time you mention a source, you must also list the year of publication in parenthesis.
Use the author’s last name, followed by the year: Hamad (2011) or (Hamad, 2011, p. 25). For two authors, always list both: Hamad and Alvarez (2011) or (Hamad & Alvarez, 2011, p. 25). For three to five authors, list all the first time, then use et al. for subsequent citations: Hamad, Alvarez, Almarri, Grady, and Rashid (2011) Hamad et al. (2011) or (Hamad et al., 2011, p. 25). For six or more authors, use et al. every time.

9. In-text Signal Words/Phrases
Signal Phrases are the short verbal phrases like “according to” that introduce a source.
Introduces source material and where it comes from
Guides reader through the argument/paragraph
Signal phrases shows readers how a source contributes to your point –Smith (2011) claims that...
Introducing your sources emphasizes that you have qualified and authoritative evidence to support your thesis so people should listen to your ideas. In other words you will have experts backing your ideas.

10. In-text Signal Phrases
Some examples of signal phrases: According to Ali (2012) … Ali (2012) argues that … This is illustrated by Ali (2012) where she states … In a study by Ali (2012) it shows that … Ali (2012) asserts that … This idea is important because in the words of Ali (2012) “…..” In research conducted by Ali (2012) she warns that …

11. In text – secondary sources
Secondary Sources: When citing information that your source has taken from another source, put the original author of the information in the sentence and write “as cited in” in the parenthesis in-text citation followed by the author, date and page number. In the reference page list only the source where you read the information: Hamad (2011) believes that Qatar should increase its naval presence in the Gulf (as cited in Al Jazzi, 2013, p. 213).

12. In-text Citation
Interviews and s are only cited in text. (M. Rashid, personal communication, November 6, 2012). APA lists the page number after a “p.” or “pp.” for multiple pages. Hamad and Alvarez (2011) state, “Increased consumption of potatoes led to an average weight gain of 3.4 pounds per person over a four-year period” (pp ). [direct quote] Hamad and Alvarez (2011) demonstrate that eating potatoes can lead patients to gain as much as 3.4 pounds over four years (pp ).

13. Missing Information? No publication date: use (n.d.)
No author: begin the citation with the title. Use the first few words of the title in quotation marks for your in-text citation.
(“In defense,” 2011)
No page number: use paragraph numbers if they are listed; otherwise, cite the heading. If really short, as in many web pages, leave blank.
(Hamad, 2011, para. 4)
(Hamad, 2011, “Potatoes and Weight”)
(Hamad, 2011)

14. In-text tables
Table 1 Fast food choices for Qatar University students __________________________________________ Gender McDonalds Subway M F Note: Adapted from “Student Food Choices” by C. Crane 2013, Business Weekly, 45,p. 17, copyright 2013 by Business Weekly. Table must be cited in Reference page. If table is one you created using your own research results then “Note” would only contain clarifying info and no Reference page citing necessary.

15. Reference Page (refer to handout for visual)
The Reference page begins on a new page.
It should be titled References. The title should be centered but not bolded or italicized.
List your references in alphabetical order, double spaced with hanging indent.
For specific types of citations, refer to the APA handout or the manual.
Generally, references will adhere to the following format:
Author. (Date). Title of work/article. Title of larger work. Location: Publisher. Doi or website.

16. Reference Page
Journal Article with or without DOI from a Database Author, A. A., & Last Name, B. B. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume#(issue#), pp.-pp. Retrieved from Hanberry, B., Yang, J., & Kabrick, J. (2012). Adjusting forest density estimates for surveyor bias in historical tree surveys. American Midland Naturalist, 167(2), Retrieved from

17. Reference Page
Omit “retrieved from” when there is a doi. Use the words “retrieved from” when there is no doi then google “title of periodical” to find its URL. If this can’t be found, google for URL of database (such as Academic Search Complete (Ebsco) Article or Document from a Website ( Author, A.A. (date). Title. Retrieved from Gagnon, S. (2012). The element sulfur. Retrieved from

18. Reference Page
Book/Textbook (p. 204) Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title (ed. or vol.). Location: Publisher. Greene, S., & Lindinsky, A. (2011). From inquiry to academic writing (2nd ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. Giancoli, D. (Ed.). (2012). Beginning physics (6th ed.). New York: Routledge.

19. Reference Page
Blog post, video, podcast, and other materials found online (p. 215) Author, A. (date). Title [Format description]. Retrieved from Yglesias, M. (2012, June 25). America’s fiscal union in action [weblog post]. Retrieved from Whedon, J. (2008). Dr. Horrible’s sing along blog, part 1 [youtube video]. Retrieved from

20. Formatting the Paper (refer to handout for visual)
Title Page
Header: Running head: Shortened version of title (the words “Running head:” appears only on the title page)
Page number
Centered information:
Title
Your name
University
Your instructor may also want the date, class, or other information

22. Formatting the Paper Abstract Second page of paper
Should have running head and page number
Title Abstract should be centered but not italicized or bolded
Abstract body should be one paragraph that contains your main arguments and conclusions between 150 and 250 words.
List keywords that would help someone else find your paper in a database at the end of the abstract
Abstract is NOT an introduction, it is a summary

24. Formatting the Paper
Headings can provide simple easy to do organization
Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
Level 2: Flush left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
Level 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase, period.
Level 4: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase, period.
Level 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase, period.

26. Tense
APA should be written in past tense: He wrote his book about pollution. Or present perfect: He has written a book about pollution.

27. Worksheet/ Handout
Complete worksheet

28. Answer Key (answers may vary)
1) As illustrated in research by Becker and Rozek (1995), the demand for energy in China has rapidly increased (p. 235). Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 32, ) Barth (2007) has also stated that “local crabs are vital to Qatar’s ocean health” (p. 73). Barth, H. (2007, July). Crab induced salt march regeneration after the 1991 Gulf war oil spill. Aquatic Ecosystem health & Management 10 (3). Doi: / ) The mind must be trained for more complex tasks (Simon, 2000, pp ). Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 23, Retrieved from 4) According to Dr. Shaban, Qatar is taking measures to reduce pollution from desalination of its water (personal communication, January 15, 2012). No reference page citation because interview.

29. Thank you for your attention
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