1. BYZANTINE EMPIRE Eastern Roman Empire

2. Previously, on “The Fall of Rome”
Emperor Diocletian broke the Roman Empire into two pieces
The Western Roman Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire
Emperor Constantine made Christianity legal and created Constantinople, the capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire became known as The Byzantine Empire
The Goths sacked Rome in 476 AD

3. ROME The Western Empire BYZANTINE The Eastern Empire
Included Italy, Gaul, Britain, & Spain
Spoke Latin
Conquered by the Germanic tribes, 476
Broke apart into local political groups
BYZANTINE
The Eastern Empire
Included Greece Asia
Minor, Syria, &
Egypt
Spoke Greek
Remains of the old
Roman Empire were
unified under the
Byzantine Empire

4. Justinian 527-565 1st Byzantine Emperor
Undertook massive building projects (Hagia Sophia)
Re-conquered most of the western half of the former Roman Empire
Codified Roman laws
Justinian I, who reigned A.D., was the last Roman emperor and the first Byzantine emperor. He is best-known for his codification of the Roman law. As part of his attempt to reconstitute the Roman Empire, he recovered much of the territory which had been lost to the Barbarians. He built the Hagia Sophia ( the Church of the Holy Wisdom) at Constantinople, and carried the Byzantine style of art into the West. This portrait is a detail from a mosaic I the Church of San Vitale at Ravenna, Italy.

5. Hagia Sophia
The Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, now Istanbul. This masterpiece of Byzantine art was built on the site of churches which dated from the time of Constantine. The present structure was begun under Emperor Justinian in 532 and was dedicated in Justinian was supposed to have said “Oh, Solomon I have surpassed thee.”

6. Largest arched dome & cathedral in the world from 537-1520
Built in 537, Hagia Sophia has been a cathedral, mosque, & it is now a museum
Largest arched dome & cathedral in the world from
Inside Hagia

7. An interior view of Hagia Sophia
An interior view of Hagia Sophia. Despite five damaging earthquakes between 553 and 986, HS remains to this day basically in its original form.
After the Turkish conquest of Constantinople, the building was converted into a mosque, and then under Turkish President Kemal Ataturk it became a museum.

8. Justinian's Code Body of Law created for the Byzantine Empire.
Codified all Roman laws-10 legal experts studied 400 years of Roman law for 5 years & created a single, uniform code of laws.
Regulated all areas of life:
marriage, slavery, property, crime, &
women's Rights
Preserved Roman legal principles and practices.
Considered a milestone because it served as a model for the European legal system.

9. Courageous and influential
Empress Theodora
Wife of Justinian
Courageous and influential
“Every man born to see the light of day must die…but one who has been an emperor can not endure to be a fugitive…but take care that after you are safe, you do not find that you would gladly exchange that safety for death”
- Empress Theodora

10. CHRISTIANITY
Christianity is the belief in Jesus Christ and his teachings.
First Christian faith: Catholicism
Roman Empire would
influence the
development of the
Roman Catholic
Church and later
its division.

11. ICON Controversy 730, Byzantine Emperor Leo III
banned the use of icons.
(Icon = religious images)
Roman Catholic Church wanted
the use of “visuals” to help
explain the Bible
Result = In 1054 AD the Christian Church split into the development of Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Western Roman Catholicism

12. The Great Schism (Permanent division of the Christian Church)
Roman Catholic (WEST)
Eastern Orthodox (EAST)
Pope Francis
Patriarch Bartholomew

13. Roman Catholic/Western Europe
The Great Schism
Roman Catholic/Western Europe
Services were in Latin until
1965
Pope higher than kings
Pope, Cardinals,
Bishop, Priests
Priests “married to the
church” & cannot marry people
Divorce not permitted
Government broke apart into local political units
Eastern Orthodox
Services in Greek
Patriarch and bishops rule together
Emperor is higher than patriarch
Priests may marry
Divorce is permitted
Preserved Greek & Roman learning and passed it on to Western and Eastern Europe.
Maintained a centralized government

14. Roman Empire vs. Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire did not experience the conflicts between the church and state that were common in medieval Europe
The Byzantine Emperor played a direct role in the administration of the church
“Western Europe owed a debt of gratitude to the Empire that for almost a thousand years, ensured the survival of Christianity during a time when Europe was too weak to accomplish the task”

15. Contributions of the Byzantine Empire
1. Kept the Greek and Roman cultures, traditions, and teachings alive.
2. Codified Roman laws, which influenced later laws & political systems
3. Hagia Sophia: advanced architectural design
4. Spread Christianity & preserved it during Europe’s Dark Ages
5. Center of Trade

16. Quick Review
In 730, the Byzantine Emperor Leo III, banned the use of icons….what is an icon?
List the accomplishments of Justinian.
In the Byzantine Empire, one important feature was the development of what religion?
Why did the Byzantine Empire preserve Greek and Roman learning?

17. Why is the Justianian Code considered a milestone?
Why did Constantinople become the center of the Byzantine Empire?
How did the government in Western Europe and Byzantine Empire differ?
Why did the Byzantine Empire not experience the conflicts in the church like Europe did?

18. “Western Europe owned a debt a gratitude to the Empire that for almost a thousand years ensured the survival of Christianity during a time when Europe was too weak to accomplish the task” Which empire is this quote referring to?
What building is this?

19. Section 2 - Russia

20. Byzantine Influences in Russia
As the East & West grew apart, missionaries
competed for Christian converts.
Eastern Orthodox missionaries converted
Russian Slavs (barbarians) by:
1. Creating a Cyrillic alphabet, allowing Slavs to read The Bible.
2. Opened up highways to Slavic land

21. RUSSIA DEVELOPS
In the 800’s: Vikings conquered the Slavs (barbarians) & the cultures began to mix as the Vikings settled down.
Kievan Rus – a loose federation of Slavic tribes
Prince Oleg began to unite the tribes
Set up the capital in the city of Kiev
By 880: Kievan Russia based its wealth on trade with the Byzantine Empire
Grew into a small state with its wealth based on trade with Constantinople.
Many early Russian settlements were located on the trade routes between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea.

22. Russia converts to Christianity
989: Vladimir I the Great, a former pagan, forced all of Kiev to convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
As trade continued,
Russian culture grew & absorbed many Greek, Byzantine & Slavic traditions.

23. CHRISTIANITY SPREADS
*Moscow Russia
*Kiev Russia *
Constantinople

24. Collapse of the Byzantine Empire, 1400
Invasions from East and West
Bubonic Plague
Schism between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
Christianity
Rise of Islam

25. Quick Review
Who helped Russian civilization adopt aspects of the Byzantine Empire, Cyrillic alphabet and different styles of art and architecture?
What was Russia’s wealth based on?
What religion did Russia adopt from the Byzantine Empire?
Along what bodies of water were most Russian settlements located?