1. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space
Smallest unit of matter is the atom
Described by physical properties and chemical properties

2. What are Mixtures?
A mixture is two or more substances that are PHYSICALLY combined
Can be separated by PHYSICAL means
Two types of mixtures:
Homogeneous mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures

3. Homogeneous Mixtures
Uniform composition throughout the mixtures (they are the SAME all the way through!)
AKA: solution
Examples: air, tap water, tea, kool-aid, pen ink
Separation techniques: distillation, crystallization, chromatography

4. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Non-uniform composition throughout
Can see distinct phases in the mixture
Examples: chicken-noodle soup, concrete, granite, oatmeal cookies
Separation technique: filtration, magnetism, or dissection (cut apart)

5. Pure Substances Have definite composition
Separated only by CHEMICAL means
Two types:
Elements
Compounds
*This means it will have a chemical formula!

6. It’s Elemental! Elements are found on the periodic table.
They cannot be broken down into anything of simpler properties.
(Can’t get smaller without acting different).
Smallest unit of an element is an atom
Examples: Carbon, Silver, Xenon

7. Compounds Combination of 2 or more elements
Represents elements bonded together to create a more stable situation
Smallest units of a compound are formula units and molecules
Separation technique: chemical reaction
Examples: NaCl, CuSO4, C6H12O6

8. Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the substance in ways that are observed during chemical reactions.
Examples: flammability, reactivity to acids, ability to replace other metals
Common instruments: matches, Bunsen burner, other chemicals, pipettes

9. Physical Properties
Physics properties describe the substance in ways that are easily observed without a chemical reaction
Examples: color, length, mass, density, temperature, hardness, state of matter
Common instruments: eyes, rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, thermometers

10. Physical Changes in Matter
A physical change is a change in matter that results in a difference in appearance but NOT a change in chemical composition.
Example: Wadding up aluminum foil
Others: Bending, breaking, tearing, spilling, crushing

11. Chemical Changes in Matter
A chemical change is a process in which one or more substances changes into a new substance.
Example: Burning paper
Others: Reacting, Oxidizing, Rusting, Fermenting

12. The Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter always remains in the galaxy in some form or shape, no matter how it behaves!
The law of conservation of matter says that matter cannot be created or destroyed – it only changes form.

13. The Law of Multiple Proportions
The law of multiple proportions says that elements can form compounds in multiple, whole-number ratios.
Example: Carbon dioxide that we breathe out is CO2 – one carbon with two oxygens.
Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas put out by cars, manufacturing and other mechanical devices. It is CO – one carbon with one oxygen.

14. For example: When the piece of paper burned, smoke and other gases rose from the paper. These contained all of the atoms that had previously been in the paper, just in a gas instead of a solid.