1. The Geography of Language
Die Geographie der Sprache
La Geografía del Idioma
The Geography of Language
La Géographie de Langue
La Geografia di Lingua

2. Key Issues Where are English language speakers distributed?
Why is English related to other languages?
Where are other language families distributed?
Why do people preserve local language?

3. Even NASA thinks language is important: The Golden Record

4. HANDOUT:Origins of English
Territory size shows the proportion of all people who speak English as a first language that live in that territory.
In your notes, make a timeline going over the diffusion of English!!!!

5. 1611: A book spread English and solidified its dominance…???
NEWEST WORDS ADDED TO THE DICTIONARY!

6. Key Term
Diffused throughout the world by hundreds of years of British colonialism. Brought to New World by British colonies in s. Has become an important global lingua franca.
What does lingua franca mean?

7. Language Defined
Organized system of spoken words or symbols by which people communicate with one another with mutual comprehension (Getis, 1985).
Languages subtly gradate (?) one to another.
Dialects and other regional differences may eventually lead to incomprehensibility - a new language.
Explain the impact Migration and Isolation has on language???

8. Key Terms
DIALECT - a regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary.
Social Dialects - can denote social class and standing.
Vernacular Dialects - the common, slang, speech of a region.
Pg. 149 Dialects in England

9. British Dialects: The Queen vs. Adele
We will first listen as a class to the differences between “The Queen’s English” and “Cockney”. Describe what you hear in their accents and dialects on your paper. Queen: Adele:
American Dialects: Regional Dialects
Amy Walker “Tour of American Accents”

10. Same language, different dialects

12. Crazy English Here are some examples that might make you wonder how you ever learned English even when your brain was finely tuned and receptive. You must have been a genius.
- The bandage was wound around the wound.
- The farm is used to produce produce.
- The dump was so full it had to refuse more refuse.
- He could lead if he would get the lead out.
- The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert.
- Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
- When shot at the dove dove into the bushes.
- The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
- There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
- There is no egg in eggplant and no ham in hamburger.
- We drive on a parkway and park in a driveway.
-He asked: “Did you read the book with the red cover?” and she said she had read it.
- If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth beeth?
- You have to wonder about language when your house may burn up as it burns down.
- How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy may be opposites?
- If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat?
- A buck does funny things when the does are present.

13. Dialects in the United States:
What is an isogloss?
A word usage boundary…”where do we stop saying y’all?”
Where are they in U.S.?
Word examples?
HANDOUT

14. Language and Perception – Words for Snow
10 Words or more
'ice' sikko
'bare ice' tingenek
'snow (in general)' aput
'snow (like salt)’ pukak
'soft deep snow' mauja
'snowdrift' tipvigut
'soft snow' massak
'watery snow' mangokpok
‘wet snow on top of ice’ putsinniq
'snow filled with water' massalerauvok
‘mushy snow' akkilokipok
What does this tell us about this culture? Who might this language be spoken by?
Inuit people!

15. Language as Element of Cultural Diversity
6000+ Languages spoken today, not including dialects
1500+ Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone
400+ in New Guinea alone
100+ in Europe
Is English threating world languages???
However, this diversity is diminishing:
2000+ Threatened or Endangered Languages …is this an effect of globalization?

16. Roots of Language How to write a Language?
Ideograms: symbols represent a phrase or word- Chinese; Egyptian; Japanese
Phonetic: symbols represent a sound
Most languages, including Romance languages
All the symbols look similar, even if it is a different language.
A phonetic alphabet is the key innovation. WHY?

17. Language Families

18. Language Divisions… how we classify language.
Language Families
Language Branches
Language Groups
Languages
Dialects
Accents

20. HANDOUT FAMILY BRANCH GROUP LANGUAGE English Spanish Mandarin Arabic
Turkish
Japanese
Hindi
Russian
Vietnamese
Yoruba
HANDOUT

21. Why are languages related?
Language family: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history.
Language branch: a collection of languages related though a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.

22. Key Terms
PIDGIN - a form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from a lingua franca, used for communication between speakers of two different languages….(Swahili)
Slave trade: developed pidgin languages (slaves communicating with locals to create a common language)
CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins

23. Key Terms
ISOLATED LANGUAGE - a language that is not related to any other languages and thus not connected to any language families. Examples include Basque and Icelandic.
Basque Spain

24. HANDOUT STOP here for MONDAY! “HOW IMMIGRATION CHANGES LANGUAGE”
HANDOUT

25. Indo-European Language Family (50% of World)
Main Branches:
Germanic Dutch, German
Romance Spanish, French
Baltic-Slavic Russian
Indo-Iranian Hindu, Bengali

26. Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch
LANGUAGE GROUP: Languages within a branch
West Germanic
English (514 million)
German (128)
Dutch (21)
North Germanic
Danish (5)
Norwegian (5)
Swedish (9)

27. Germanic Branch - Icelandic
Largely unchanged because of isolation.
Highly developed literary tradition. Ancient sagas can be read by modern speakers of Icelandic.

28. Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch
Like English these languages have been spread by Colonialism.
Spanish (425 million)
Portuguese (194) most in Brazil
French (129)
Italian (62)
Romanian (26)***
Separated by physical boundaries!
…or Slavic people

29. Key Issue 3: Where are other language families distributed?
Turn to page 161 and read the bullet points under the Classification of Languages
Take Notes

30. Sino-Tibetan Language Family (26%)
Branches:
Sinitic Mandarin, Cantonese
Austro-Thai Thai, Hmong
Chinese languages based on 420 one syllable words with meaning infered from context and tone.

31. Language Families of Africa
There are far fewer MAJOR languages in the large continent of Africa than in Europe which is much smaller, but has many more MAJOR languages. What conclusions can you draw?
Only 8 African languages are spoken by more than 10 million people
Fig. 5-14: The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

32. Afro-Asiatic Language Family
Main Branch: Semitic
Arabic(256)
Language of the Koran; spread by Islamic Faith and Islamic (Ottoman) Empires
Hebrew (5)
Language of the old Testament (with Aramaic); completely revived from extinction in Israel, 1948.

33. Niger-Congo Diffusion
Review:
Who were the Bantu?
What is Khoisan?
Why is one type of language widespread and the other is not?

34. Language and the Environment (Linguistic Ecology)
Mt Cook, New Zealand
TOPONYM - a place name. These are language on the land, reflecting past inhabitants and their relation to the land.
Cook Islands, Polynesia
Devil’s Tower, WY
Badwater, Death Valley

35. Endangered Languages
As recently as 3,000 years ago, there were 10,000 to 15,000 languages in the world.
Today, only about 6000 left.
Of those, 1/2 will be gone by the year 2100 and all but of the rest will be endangered.
More than 90 percent of the languages in existence today will be extinct or threatened in little more than a century if current trends continue.

36. Extinct Languages - USA (93)
ABNAKI-PENOBSCOT ACHUMAWI AHTENA APACHE, KIOWA APACHE, LIPAN ATAKAPA ATSUGEWI BILOXI CADDO CAHUILLA CATAWBA CHEHALIS, LOWER CHEROKEE CHETCO CHINOOK CHINOOK WAWA CHITIMACHA CHUMASH CLALLAM COEUR D'ALENE COOS COQUILLE COWLITZ CUPEÑO EYAK FLATHEAD-KALISPEL GALICE GROS VENTRE HAN HAWAI'I PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE HOLIKACHUK HUPA IOWA-OTO KALAPUYA KANSA KASHAYA KATO KAWAIISU KITSAI KOYUKON LUMBEE LUSHOOTSEED MAIDU, NORTHEAST MAIDU, NORTHWEST MAIDU, VALLEY MANDAN MARTHA'S VINEYARD SIGN MATTOLE MENOMINI MIAMI MIWOK MOBILIAN MOHEGAN MONO NANTICOKE NATCHEZ NISENAN NOOKSACK OFO OSAGE POMO POWHATAN QUAPAW QUILEUTE QUINAULT SALINAN SALISH SERRANO SHASTA SIUSLAW SNOHOMISH TANAINA TILLAMOOK TOLOWA TONKAWA TÜBATULABAL TUNICA TUSCARORA TUTELO TUTUTNI TWANA UNAMI WAILAKI WAMPANOAG WAPPO WASCO-WISHRAM WINTU WIYOT WYANDOT YANA YOKUTS YUKI YUROK

37. Endangered Languages Why are they disappearing? Globalization
Migration (Urbanization)
Economic Development
Lingua Franca easiest to use
Media
Internet (Requires certain character sets)
Lingua Franca - a language used for trade by two people who speak different native tongues. Most common Lingua Franca today= English.

38. Key Points Language is a fundamental element of cultural identity.
Languages diverge via migration and isolation.
Small languages are disappearing as a result of globalization.
Languages that share a common ancestor belong to the same family.
Language diversity is a source of political conflict in the world.
McDonald’s, Israel

39. Language in Africa
There are over 2100 and by some counts over 3000 languages spoken natively in Africa in several major language families
What can you infer?

40. What problems might arise here?