1. Software
Programming
J. Holvikivi 2014

2. Basic principle of how a computer works
INPUT
OUTPUT
Information
Data
PROCESS

3. What Can Computers Do? Input/Output operations Reads input
Writes output
Processing operations
Math (computation)
Decision making (logic)
Photo courtesy of Imation Corporation

4. What Happens Inside Control flow Data flow Instruction flow Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Data flow
Instruction flow
Input
Unit
Output
Unit
Main memory

5. ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs all computations and logical operations
2 + 2 = 4
1 AND 0 is NOT TRUE
2 + 2 < 5

6. Machine instructions Adding values stored in memory
Step 1: Get the value from memory location 6C and place it in a register. =LOAD
Step 2: Get the other value to be added from memory location 6D and place it in another register. =LOAD
Step 3: Activate the addition circuitry with the registers used in steps 1 and 2 as inputs with another register designated to store the result. =ADD
Step 4: Store the result in memory location 6E. =STORE
Step 5: Stop. =HALT
others: MOVE, OR, AND, ROTATE, JUMP

7. Machine language Code: Step 1: 156C LOAD Step 2: 166D LOAD
Step 3: ADD
Step 4: 306E STORE
Step 5: C000 HALT

8. Working with a file Memory: RAM Hard disk Processor Save
Device drivers
Windows OS
Text file
MS Word
Load to memory
MsWord
Device drivers
and others
Text file
OS kernel
Save
Data files
Processor

9. Software System software Application software office programs
Operating system
GUI
Utilities
Device drivers
networking software
Application software
office programs
graphical software
browsers
Jaana Holvikivi

10. Programming Languages
Machine Language: 56FC
Assembler (mnemonic): ADD
Procedural Languages
Fortran, Pascal, Python
Cobol, BASIC
Object-Oriented Languages
C ++
Java, C#

11. Programming Languages
Functional languages
Prolog, XSLT, Haskell
Scripting languages
Javascript, php
Application development tools
.NET Framework
Oracle
UML tools
Natural Languages – not yet

12. Algorithm A sequence of steps that directs the execution of a task
A sheet of music
operating instructions for a washing machine
instructions for constructing model airplanes
Algorithms in computers
programs
the intelligence required to solve a problem or to perform a task is encoded in the algorithm
to follow the directions of an algorithm is "merely mechanical"

13. Program design Start Problem solving Algorithm flow chart pseudo code
Source code
Compiler
Interpreter
Executable
program in
machine
language
Instructions in
machine
language
End

14. Programming language features
Data types
Constants
Variables
Expressions
Operators
Statements: conditional, loops
Functions
Objects
Methods
Events
Jaana Holvikivi

15. Scratch: Computational Concepts
Description
sequence
identifying a series of steps for a task
loops
running the same sequence multiple times
parallelism
making things happen at the same time
events
one thing causing another thing to happen
conditionals
making decisions based on conditions
operators
support for mathematical and logical expressions
data
storing, retrieving, and updating values
Jaana Holvikivi

16. Scratch: Computational Practices
Description
being iterative and incremental
developing a little bit, then trying it out, then developing some more
testing and debugging
making sure that things work – and finding and fixing mistakes
reusing and remixing
making something by building on what others – or you – have done
abstracting and modularizing
building something large by putting together collections of smaller parts
Jaana Holvikivi

17. Features in Scratch
Jaana Holvikivi

18. Operators
Assignment Operators + addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division % remainder Comparison Operators, true or false == is equal to != is not equal 5!=8 returns true < less than > Greater than >= Greater than or equal <= less than or equal
Jaana Holvikivi

19. Operators RESULT Logical Operators && AND || OR ! NOT AND 1 OR NOT1 OR
NOT
Jaana Holvikivi

20. Conditional statements
Jaana Holvikivi

21. Loops
Wait
Repeat
Forever
Expressions
Jaana Holvikivi

22. First Steps in programming
use sequence, selection, and repetition in programs
and various
forms of input and output
&
variables

23. Effective Saving Strategies
Your Responsibility To Save And Backup Frequently.
Save Every 5 Minutes
Change Filename Every 15 Minutes
No Auto Saves On Most Developer Software

24. Task 1 Go to Scratch home page, and Join Scratch.
You need to create an account in order to be able to save your work.
Use some other ID and password than in Metropolia systems.
Go through the basics of project creation selecting Try it out or holiday card:
Jaana Holvikivi

25. Task 2 Explore projects that are posted on the Scratch site.
Try different types of projects!
Choose one interesting project and try to understand its functioning.
Show the project to your team and explain it.
Jaana Holvikivi

26. Task 3
Explore different features Scripts, Costumes and Sounds. Try different types of projects, see what is available for modification!
Select some very serious science or mathematics project for modification, such as fractals or operating systems.
Finally, create a project where you can ask your classmates to join.
Jaana Holvikivi