1. CIS 103 - Computer Programming Logic
Programming Concepts
Overview
prepared by Jack Wilson
Cerritos College
Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

2. Topics
1.1 Programs
1.2 Modules 1.3 Algorithms 1.4 Statements 1.5 Syntax & Semantics 1.6 Logic Planning Tools 1.7 Control Structures 1.8 Memory Concepts
1.9 Data Types
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

3. 1.1 Programs A program contains one or more modules.
Many languages require a module with a special name, such as "main" for a program to be created.
Programs are often also referred to as applications or more generally as software.
Program
module
module
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4. 1.2 Modules
A module is a collection of statements that perform a specific task within a program.
Module is a generic term. The most commonly used terms are listed below.
function C, C++, Python
method Java
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

5. 1.3 Algorithms
An algorithm is the name given to the logic that is developed and used to code the statements in a module.
Algorithm to square a number:
get a number
multiply the number by itself
return this value
Implementation of the algorithm in a module (function):
double square ( double number ) {
return number * number; }
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

6. 1.4 Statements
A statement is the name given to a high level language instruction.
Programs are written using a variety of different types of statements. Examples include:
Declaration int count
Assignment count = 0
Input get(number)
Output put(“Grand Total is “ + total)
Module Invocation printHeadings()
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

7. 1.5 Syntax & Semantics
Syntax refers to the rules of a language that must be followed to construct a valid statement. Statements are constructed using the following components:
reserved words ( aka keywords )
identifiers
operators
literals
punctuation symbols
Semantics refers to the meaning of a statement. It addresses the question "What does the statement do?“.
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

8. 1.6 Control Structures
A control Structure determines the flow of execution for statements executing in a module.
There are 3 control structures that are used in all programming languages:
Sequence
Selection
Repetition (aka Iteration)
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9. 1.6 Control Structures Sequence Structure
A sequence structure performs a single task without asking any questions or repeating anything.
declare a variable
assign a value to a variable
input a value
output a value
call a function
return a value from a function
stop program execution
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

10. The rectangle represents a structure.
1.6 Control Structures
false
true
Selection Structure
Asks a question (called a condition) and based on the answer ( true or false ) follows a path of execution.
In example 2, only one of the paths of execution would be followed.
The diamond symbol represents a condition that evaluates to true or false.
The rectangle represents a structure.
Example 1 – One path of execution
false
true
Example 2 – Two paths of execution
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

11. 1.6 Control Structures Repetition Structure
Asks a question (called the condition) and based on the answer ( true or false ) executes a statement or exits the structure. Continues to execute the statement as long as the condition evaluates to yes.
A repetition structure is often called a "loop".
true
false
Example 1: Pre-test loop
The rectangle represents a statement.
The diamond represents a condition.
true
false
Example 2: Post-test loop
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12. 1.7 Logic Planning Tools Pseudocode Flowchart Hierarchy Chart
Printer/Screen Spacing Chart
File Description (record layout chart)
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13. 1.8 Memory Concepts Memory is measured in bytes ( KB / MB / GB / TB )
A byte is 8 bits ( binary digits )
Every byte in RAM memory is assigned a unique address
Data types use one or more bytes to store information integer – 4 bytes real number – 8 bytes
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14. 1.8 Memory Concepts
To avoid having to reference a specific location in memory to access a piece of data, variable names are used instead of addresses. To use a variable in a program, you must declare the variable by giving it a name and a data type. [ RAPTOR does not require us to do this ] Examples:
int count boolean finished string name
When a program is executed, a symbol table ( think of it as a data dictionary in memory ) is created that maps the name of a variable to the location in memory where the data is being stored.
Programming Concepts Overview Property of Jack Wilson, Cerritos College

15. 1.9 Data Types
Programs work with data ( information stored in locations in memory ). There are many different categories of data.
Every language has specific keywords which are used to specify a data type. Not all data types are supported in all languages.
Here are some examples:
Numeric
integer numbers
real numbers
Text
a single character value
a "string" of characters
Boolean
True
False
Language
Numeric
Text
Boolean
Java
int
long
float
double
char
String
boolean
C++
string
bool
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16. x.Xx Program Translation
Translators
Assembler
Compiler
Interpreter
JIT compilation
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17. Identifiers
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18. Expressions and Statements
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19. Object-Oriented Programming
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20. Procedural Programming
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21. Event-Driven Programming
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22. Reserved Words
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23. Operators Mathematical (arithmetic) Relational (boolean) Logical
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24. Operator Precedence and Associativity
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25. File Input
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26. File Output
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27. Program Development
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28. Making Decisions
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29. Looping
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30. Working with Strings
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31. Arrays
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32. Classes
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33. Class Diagrams
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34. Formatted Output
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