1. European Nationalism Mid to 19th Century NOTE:
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Mid to 19th Century

3. What is Nationalism?
the belief that a person’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
When a nation has its own independent government it becomes a nation-state.

6. Nationalism Pros: Cons:
People within a nation come together for the common good
Overthrow colonial rulers
Leads to democratic nations
Competition amongst nations spurs advancements
Forced assimilation of minority groups
Ethnic cleaning ex:
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s
The rise of extreme nationalism: Nazism
Competition between nations leads to war

7. Italian
Unification

8. Italian Unification: 19th Century
Independent City – States subjected to foreign domination.
Congress of Vienna
Metternich
Prevent Nationalism
Risorgimento

9. Italian Nationalist Leaders
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
King Victor Emmanuel II
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

10. Challenges of Unification
Social and Economic Problems
Regional differences
Poverty and Emigration
Serious problem
Reforms
Took too long

11. Garibaldi and His Red Shirts Unite with Cavour
Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms
By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily
September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples
Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula
Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel

12. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

13. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

14. German
Unification

15. German Nationalism:
German nationalism slowly began to show in the early 1800’s.
Germany was divided into a number of small states and desired a unification within them.
There goal was to become completely independent out of the control of all other nations as they had been in the past.

16. German Unification: 19th Century
Congress of Vienna
Factors of Unification
Nationalism In Prussia
Political
Economic

17. 1848 Revolution: Causes Frankfurt Parliament
Rise of nationalism
Economic hardships
Frankfurt Parliament
Democratic national assembly
Decided on what was a unified Germany

18. Prussia: William I: (Wilhelm) Took the Prussian throne in 1861
Did not work well with Parliment
Junker
Land owning aristocracy

19. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik- meaning the politics of reality
“Blood & Iron”

20. Prussian Expansion: Step 1 – The Danish War 1864
Schleswig and Holstein
Austria and Prussia
Denmark
Conflicts of jurisdiction
Prussia
Austria

21. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Prussian Expansion:
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Strategic war
Foreign negotiations
German Confederation
Northern States
Reichstag
Working class

22. Prussian Expansion: Step #3:Franco-Prussian War French Ambassador
Southern German States
Catholic

23. A United Germany The German Empire January 18, 1871 Kaiser Wilhem I
Imperial Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck

24. A Growing Economy

25. Dreyfus Affair and Zionism
Captain Alfred Dreyfus
Anti – Semitism
Pogroms, organized massacre of helpless people
Zionism
Homeland in Palestine

26. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

27. Austria: Austro – Prussian war Dual – Monarchy
Ethnic Group differences
Compromise of 1867

28. Ottoman Empire:
“sick man of Europe”
Africa
Internal Problems

29. Shift in Power: