1. Bell Work
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

2. Think/Pair/Share Bell Work
What type of memory has information about how to do things such as ride a bike, tie shoelaces, or hit a golf ball?
Explicit
Semantic
Procedural
Episodic
Flash-bulb

3. Amnesia
Retrograde
Anterograde

4. Bell Work
While taking notes, you realize you need to sharpen your pencil. You get up and walk downstairs. When you get there, however, you cannot remember why you went downstairs. After trying to recall your purpose, you give up and return to your desk. As soon as you sit down again, it hits you: “I wanted to sharpen this pencil!”
What caused this to occur?

5. Bell Work
Discuss with a partner…
How would you define ‘memory’?

6. Context effects

7. Bell Work
Yesterday’s Closure: Create an analogy for the three-box/information processing model for sensory, working, and long-term memory OR encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Explain your analogy

8. Integrated Model Concepts
Encoding – process of translating info into neural codes (language) that will be retained in memory
Storage – the process of retaining neural coded info over time
Retrieval – the process of recovering info from memory storage

9. Closure
Create an analogy for the three-box/information processing model for sensory, working, and long-term memory OR encoding, storage, and retrieval.

10. Closure
Give your own example of anterograde amnesia.

11. Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves

12. Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
whether you like Disney movies
how long ago you watched the movie
how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

13. Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

14. Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

15. Memory
internal record of some prior event or experience; the persistence of learning over time through the set of mental structures and processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters, and retrieves information over time

17. Three Box Model of Memory

18. Sensory Memory
A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.

19. Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed.
Examples:
You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register.
Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time.
If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory.

20. Short Term Memory The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
We recall digits better than letters.

21. Short-Term Memory Also referred to as “Working” Memory—the information you are currently “working with”
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.
Rehearsal

22. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information.
Explicit (declarative) memories
Implicit (non-declarative) memories

23. Long-Term Memory
Implicit (procedural) memory—learn/know how to do something (like knowing how to ride a bike)
Explicit (declarative) memory-can state and “declare” that they know. Deliberate recall of information
Episodic: autobiographical (times, places, emotions)
Semantic: memory of meanings, understandings—general knowledge

24. Overview of LTM

25. Overview of Memory Model

26. A Simplified Memory Model
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

27. The Memory Process Three step process….
Encoding: The inputting and processing of information into the memory system.
Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

29. Encoding
The inputting and processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girl’s name at a party

30. Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
Pressing Ctrl+S and saving the info.

31. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.

32. Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

33. People typically recall fewer correct words than they recognize.
Recognition tasks reveal that we remember more than we recall.

34. The Context Matters!!! Flashbulb Memories Mood Congruent Memory
State Dependent Memory
Context Effects

35. Anatomy of Memory Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation
Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC responses
Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories
Thalamus, formation of new memories and working memories
Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.

36. Encoding Getting the info into our heads

37. Encoding Getting Information In
Unconscious encoding of incidental information
Well-learned information
Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness; encodes it for storage
Learned automatic processing

38. Encoding: Getting Information In
Effortful
Automatic

39. Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
You encode space, time, and word meaning without effort.
Things can become automatic with practice.
For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

40. Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.
Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.
Example: Learning how to play the piano using sheet music  memorizing it

41. Research on Encoding Hermann Ebbinghaus’s Research Percentage of
used nonsense syllables to test encoding (i.e. TUV ZOF GEK)
the more times the list of syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were needed to relearn the syllables on Day 2 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
Time in days since learning list
Percentage of
List Retained
when
Relearning
Curve of information forgotten over a period of 30 days…initially information is lost rapidly, then levels off with time

42. Spacing Effect DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
We encode better when we study or practice over time.
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

43. Study Strategies
Distributed practice refers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is “crammed” into a single session
Distributed practice leads to better retention

44. Bell Work
Which of the following is true regarding the role of the amygdala in memory?
The amygdala help process implicit memories.
The amygdala support Freud’s ideas about memory because they allow us to repress memories of trauma.
The amygdala produce long-term potentiation in the brain.
The amygdala help make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses.
The amygdala are active when the retrieval of a long-term memory is primed.

45. Organizational Methods
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units ;
Rote Learning
repetitive rehearsal (least effective encoding tool)
Method of Loci
use of locations to remember information (second best encoding tool)
Narrative Method
connecting information to the details of a story (best encoding tool)
Schema
cognitive framework for organizing concepts based on previous experience and current expectations
Prototype
typical example of the concept
Hierarchies
complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

46. Encoding Summarized Encoding (automatic or effortful) Imagery (visual
Meaning
(semantic
Organization
Chunks
Hierarchies

47. Things to remember about Encoding
The Next-In-Line Effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

48. How many of the U.S. Presidents can you name?

49. The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L.Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T.Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A.Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
HW Bush
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
FD.Roosevelt
W. Bush
Polk
Truman
Obama

50. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Primacy (first) + Recency (last) = Serial Positioning Effect
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

51. Serial Position Effect
Primacy Effect-Most likely to remember the first item(s) in a list (or presenter(s) in class presentations)…
Recency Effect-…and the last item(s) or presenter(s)

52. Types of Encoding
Encoding exercise
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

53. Memory Encoding 1. Visual (picture) 2. Acoustic (sound)
3. Semantic (meaning)
For example, how do you remember a telephone number you have looked up in the phone book? If you can see it then you are using visual coding, but if you are repeating it to yourself you are using acoustic coding (by sound).

54. Think/Pair/Share
Which do you think is the principle coding system for short-term memory (STM): visual, acoustic, semantic?

55. Evidence suggests that this is the principle coding system in short term memory (STM) is acoustic coding.  When a person is presented with a list of numbers and letters, they will try to hold them in STM by rehearsing them (verbally).  Rehearsal is a verbal process regardless of whether the list of items is presented acoustically (someone reads them out), or visually (on a sheet of paper).

56. Think/Pair/Share
Which do you think is the principle coding system for long-term memory (LTM): visual, acoustic, semantic?

57. The principle encoding system in long term memory (LTM) appears to be semantic coding (by meaning). However, information in LTM can also be coded both visually and acoustically.

58. Which type works best?

59. Self-Reference Effect
An example of how we encode meaning very well.
The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.

60. Memory Strategies
Mnemonic devices are strategies to improve memory by organizing information
Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a place or part of a building
Peg-Word system: peg words are associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”)
Word Associations: verbal associations are created for items to be learned
Imagery: mental pictures for ideas
Acronyms: ASAP, PEMDAS
Stories
Rhymes
Massed rehearsal helps, but it is NOT a mnemonic device

61. Tricks to Encode Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. “peg word” system
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

62. Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

63. How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Retrieval
How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!

64. Storage and Retrieval
STM is stored and retrieved sequentially. For example, if a group of participants are given a list of words to remember, and then asked to recall the fourth word on the list, participants go through the list in the order they heard it in order to retrieve the information.
LTM is stored and retrieved by association. This is why you can remember what you went upstairs for if you go back to the room where you first thought about it.

65. Organization
Organizing information can help aid retrieval.  You can organize information in sequences (such as alphabetically, by size or by time).  Imagine a patient being discharged from hospital whose treatment involved taking various pills at various times, changing their dressing and doing exercises. If the doctor gives these instructions in the order which they must be carried out throughout the day (i.e. in sequence of time), this will help the patient remember them.

66. Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. This becomes most important in vision, as the brain divides what it sees into four components: color, motion, shape, and depth.

67. Recall versus Recognition
I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I recognize them?
Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf
Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf
Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf
Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf
Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf

68. Retrieval Cues Things that help us remember.
We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.

69. PRIMING EFFECT
Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it.
For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.

70. Repetition Priming
1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

71. Semantic Priming
2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

72. Priming
Exercise 2

73. Context Effects
It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.
If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

74. Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.
Moods also effect that way you interpret other peoples behavior

75. Retrieval Cues Retrieval Cues
Reminders associated with information in memory we are trying to retrieve
State-Dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (i.e. high, drunk, depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state
A Real-Life Example:
After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Experiment by: Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989)

76. Forgetting

77. 3 Storehouses of memory 3 control processes of memory
What is the duration & capacity of each?
Duration = time held
Capacity = amount held
3 control processes of memory
(mediating the flow of information)

78. False Memory
This activity demonstrates people’s capacity to form a false memory. We do not recall exact copies of past events. Rather, we construct our memories.
Acknowledgements: This demonstration was written by Martin Bolt, Calvin College

79. Encoding Failure

80. Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information.
It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

81. Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?
Cents

82. Memory isn’t all it seems
Videos

83. Memory Issues Mind Decay Disease Interference Chemicals
Context dependent
Physical Trauma
Severe Mental Trauma
Source Amnesia: is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge
Mistake dream for reality
Simply forgetting where learned something

84. Forgetting
Proactive interference: old information interferes with recall of new information
Retroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old information
Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent
Retrograde amnesia-can’t remember past events
Anterograde amnesia-can’t form new memories

85. Storage Decay Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.
Without rehearsal, we forget things over time.
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve

86. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

87. Retrieval Failure
The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory.

88. Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

89. Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

90. Retroactive Interference
Without interfering
events, recall is
better
After sleep
After remaining awake
Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage
of syllables
recalled

91. Primary Types of Forgetting
Retrograde Amnesia – (i.e. Alzheimer’s)
Information in short-term never gets transferred to long-term Anterograde Amnesia – (i.e. memory loss shown n “50 First Dates)
Can learn semantic information but can’t form new long-term memories
Psychogenic Amnesia –
Subconscious way of protecting self by forgetting traumatic life events
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) –
Non-permanent amnesia, most likely caused by lack of blood flow
Dissociative Amnesia (Fugue) –
Sometimes permanent amnesia caused by extreme emotional stress
Source Amnesia –
The false recollection of information due to inaccurate associations
Korsakoff’s Syndrome –
Memory loss resulting in retrograde or anterograde amnesia as a result of vitamin deficiency (i.e. Alcoholism)
Damage to the Hippocampus –
Memory loss due to medial temporal lobe or hippocampus damage

92. Organization of LTM
Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”)

93. Motivated Forgetting
We sometimes revise our own histories.

94. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION:
Why does it exist?
One explanation is REPRESSION:
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.

95. Forgetting

96. Memory Construction
We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them.
Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.

97. My Trip To Cheesecake Factory
You go to the Cheesecake Factory for dinner. You are seated at a table with a white tablecloth. You study the menu. You tell the female server you want Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce, Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce Wraps, and a Porterhouse Steak (medium). You also order a Cherry Coke from the beverage list. A few minutes later the server returns with your Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal arrives. You enjoy it all, except the Porterhouse Steak is a bit overdone.

98. Cheesecake Factory (Framing)
How did you order the steak?
Was the red tablecloth checkered?
What did you order to drink?
Did a male server give you a menu?

99. Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

100. Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident

101. Misinformation Effect
Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
Elizabeth Loftus

102. Research on Forgetting
Elizabeth Loftus’s Research
Misinformation Effect – incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Eyewitness Testimony – misinformation effect most often happens when witnesses try to recall specific details of an event

103. Constructive Memory Memories are not always what they seem.
Elizabeth Loftus
A constructed memory is a created memory.
Misinformation effect

104. Research on Forgetting
Daniel Schacter’s Research
Three Signs of Forgetting –
Absent-Mindedness – inattention to details causes encoding failure
Transience – storage decays and dwindles over time
Blocking – when stored information is inaccessible
Three Signs of Distortion –
Misattribution – confusing the details of how an event occurred
Suggestibility – misinformation skews accurate recall
False Memory Syndrome - condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience
3.Bias – skewed recollection of memories based on what the person does/does not want to remember
One Sign of Intrusion –
Persistence – when unwanted memories seem to haunt you

105. Amnesia Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or by trauma
Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information prior to a trauma
Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Point of Trauma

106. Issues in Memory Reasons for inaccuracy of memory:
Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event)
Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten
Misinformation effect: we incorporate outside information into our own memories

107. Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s
Dementia affects communication and the performance of activities. Umbrella term
Alzheimer’s (60-70%)
Huntington’s
Parkinson’s

108. Alzheimer’s Affects parts of the brain where thought and memory happen
Sundowning

109. Amnesia Retrograde-loss of memories before accident
Anterograde-unable to create new memories
Examples

110. Anatomy of Memory Bilateral damage to the hippocampus
results in anterograde
amnesia (Patient H.M.)

111. Normal Brain

112. Alzheimer Brain—There is no one place where memories are stored