1. Do now: Write down 3 things that you think involves biology
Aim: What is Biology?
Do now: Write down 3 things that you think involves biology

2. What does the word “Biology” mean?
1) Biology is a word made from two Greek words.
“bio”- means living
“ology” – means the study of
Do you know any other words that contain “bio” or “ology”? What are they and what do they mean?

3. Why do we need to study biology?
Biology is essential (important) in understanding how organisms (including humans) live and interact with our environment.

4. What would happen if humans didn’t study biology?
Many things we take for granted came from studying biology.
How do you think biology was involved in the making of these things?
Medicines
Surgery
Flying
Farming
Parks
Food Processing
Space Travel
Sport Equipment

5. What is Science?

6. What is the goal of science?
The goal of science is to investigate and understand nature, to explain events in nature, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions.

7. What is Science?
Science is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.

8. Where do we find evidence? “The Scientific Method”
Science starts and progresses with observations
Observations involves using one or more of the senses to gather data

9. Raise your hand to participate
Can someone give me an example of an observation?

10. Interpreting the Evidence
Once the observation is completed and data is collected, the data must be analyzed and interpreted. The interpretation of an observation is known as an inference. An inference is a logical Interpretation of data based on prior knowledge and experiences.

11. Raise your hand to participate
Can someone give me an example of an observation inference based on an observation?

12. The Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation (statement) for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question. A hypothesis is only valid (truth), when it has been tested through repeated experiments and the results support the hypothesis. If the results of the experiment cannot be repeated or express different results than what the hypothesis had predicted, than the hypothesis is invalid (not true) and the hypothesis must be changed. Example of invalid hypothesis: Vaccines cause autism

13. A hypothesis may begins with, “I believe… or I think…
It may also be an “if..” “then…” statement “because…” statement
There is never a “?” at the end of a hypothesis.
It is a statement, not a question.
Examples:
I believe the Earth is round.
I think more water will help a plant grow taller.
If I study every week then I’ll be able to pass the regents because I’ll know the information I need

14. The Experiment
An experiment is a series of tests used to prove the validity (truth worthiness) of a hypothesis.
a. Experiments always begin with a question or problem.
“Does the amount of sunlight affect a plant’s growth?”
b. Once a question or problem is identified, a hypothesis must be formulated. “The plant grows taller with more light .” (a statement)

15. **An experiment can only test one Variable at a time!!!!
Example:
Will walking longer distance and watching television affect your heart rate?
WRONG!!
Will walking longer distance affect your heart rate?
Will watching television affect your heart rate?

16. What are The key elements of an Experiment
1. Experiments must have a control group. (unchanged) 2. The experiment must have a experimental group. (These are groups that had one thing changed about them.) a. The Independent Variable is the condition or item that is changed in an experiment. (THE CAUSE) b. The Dependent Variable is the condition that is affected as the results of the Independent Variable. (THE EFFECT)

17. Example 1
The photograph below shows a pill bug. Pill bugs are small animals frequently found in wooded areas near decomposing organic material.
Describe some parts of an experiment to determine the preference of pill bugs for light or darkness. In your answer be sure to:
• state a hypothesis
• identify the independent variable in
the experiment
• identify two conditions that should
be kept the same in all
experimental setups
• state one example of experimental
data that would support your
hypothesis

18. Example 2
The drugs usually used to treat high blood pressure do not affect blood vessels in the lungs. Bosentan is a new drug being studied as a treatment for high blood pressure in the lungs. In an experiment, patients treated with Bosentan showed an improvement in the distance they could walk without fatigue within 12 weeks.
Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of Bosentan as a drug to treat high blood pressure in the lungs. In your answer be sure to:
• state the hypothesis your experiment will test
• state how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group
• state two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups
• state the type of data that should be collected to determine if the hypothesis is supported

19. Data
Data is the information collected for the experiment. It is important that when collecting data that the experiment does not change in any way (contamination). Contamination and uncontrolled variables can result in false data readings. Making the experiment inaccurate.
First thing for next day

20. Data Table
A data table is used to help collect and organize the data collected from the experiment.
Based on the data table:
Give an example of an observation
Give an example of an inference
Give an example of an hypothesis

21. Graphs
Sometimes data can be organized into a graph. A graph is a visual display of data. Graphs can be used to show comparison between data or show trends.

22. Graphs (continued)
Types of Graphs Pie Graphs- Shows relationship out of 100% Bar Graphs- Shows comparisons between individuals (one variable) Line Graphs- Shows relationship over time (2 variables)

23. Analyzing and conclusion
Analyzing means studying and understanding what the data is saying
The conclusion is making an interpretation of what the analyzing process uncovered.
Very important!!
If the conclusion agrees with your hypothesis then your hypothesis is valid(true)
If the conclusion does not agree with your hypothesis then your hypothesis is invalid(not true)

24. Improving an experiment
The larger your sample size, the more accurate and the more valid your experiment is proven to be.
Make sure the experiment is repeatable – if you cannot repeat the experiment with the same results, than the experiment is invalid.

25. Ethics
Many times due to social, economic, and/or personal beliefs, scientist may manipulate data to prove their hypothesis correct even though the results from the experiments prove the hypothesis wrong.

26. Theory
A theory is an idea that is supported by valid data and observations. If the experiment was repeated several times, the theory should still hold true.

27. How do you make an accurate graph?
Do now: what are the 3 types of graphs mentioned before?

28. Why make a line graph?
A line graph can e used to show the relationship between your independent and dependent variables after you have collected the data in your experiment

29. Why make a line graph? (cont)
A line graph can also be used to predict future events without conducting an experiment.

30. How to make a line graph
Read the instructions: Do you need to label the axis? The graph? How many lines are you plotting? Determine an appropriate scale

32. How do I make a good title for my graph?
A basic formula for a good title is:
“The effect of the amount of rainfall (independent) on the population of frogs (dependent) in Lake Wherever”

33. If I need to label the axes, How do I know which variables to put on the X and Y axes?
The independent variables always goes on the X axis (horizontal)
The dependent variables always goes on the Y axis (vertical) 

34. What do you mean by label and units?
You should label each axis and include the units you measured your variables in.
Example: If you measured one variable in years then you unit is years.

36. What is a scale and does it need to be the same for both axes?
You must choose an appropriate scale (1’s, 2’s, 5’s, 10’s, etc.) for each box to represent in your graph. This will depend both upon the size of the graph you have been provided and the data you have collected.
The scales for your X and Y axes do not need to be the same
Do not simple copy the numbers on the chart. You must use an appropriate scale

37. How do I put my Data on the graph?
5)The number you collected and entered on you data table represents the relationship between the two variables. Use the X and Y axes to locate the interception that most closely represent your data and plot it on the graph. Repeat for each piece of data. Once you have plotted all your data, connect them by drawing a line through each plot.

39. What about a bar graph?
Same principles apply
Read the instructions