1. Organization of the Human Body

2. Anatomy vs physiology Anatomy The _____________ structure
Physiology (fiz-e-ology)
How the structure __________
structure
***Anatomy is the what, physiology is the how.
works

3. Homeostasis balance environment
A state of _________ between a living thing and the ______________
balance
environment
The process is dynamic because it occurs within a narrow range to maintain cellular processes.
Examples: The exchange of O2 for CO2, maintenance of blood glucose levels.
If the pancreas is working correctly it will produce enough insulin (stored in beta-isolet cells) to cause cellular channels to open which allows for glucose molecules to enter the cell.

4. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body uses feedback loops
Components of feedback loops:
Receptor:
_____________
Integrating center:
________________
Effector:
_________________
Detects stimulus/change
Receptor evaluates the stimulus (change in environment) and sends the message to
Integrating center which processes the info and sends the message to
Effector acts on the stimulus and causes a response
Processes info
Causes response

5. Continued death What happens if the body can’t reach homeostasis?
_________________
death

6. Negative Feedback Systems
Activity of the effector __________ the stimulus
What is the result?
Change/stimulus ____________
reverses
moves in the opposite direction
Basically the output of the system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system
E.X Raising body temp, the brain thinks you are getting cold, but in reality your body is actually increasing in temp. The thermostat is reset to a higher temperature.
Regulation of body Temp

7. Negative Feedback Homeostasis Dynamic process (ongoing)
Integrating center responds
Increase is detected
Decrease
Homeostasis
Decrease Detected
Increase
Integrating center responds

8. Integrating center responds
Negative Feedback
Integrating center responds
Increase is detected
Decrease
Homeostasis

9. Integrating center responds
Negative Feedback
Homeostasis
Increase
Decrease Detected
Integrating center responds

10. Negative Feedback Homeostasis Dynamic process (ongoing)
Integrating center responds
Increase is detected
Decrease
Homeostasis
Decrease Detected
Increase
Integrating center responds

11. Positive Feedback Systems
System moves in the _________________ as the change
What does this mean?
Condition/stimulus is _______________
__________________
same direction
Contractions during labor
Reinforced
Blood clotting: injured tissues release chemicals to activate platelets, the activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets. This causes a cascade of platelets and the formation of a blood clot.
Lactation: The more the baby sucks the more milk is produced.
Continues in the same direction
Clotting of blood

12. How many legs does the elephant have?

13. HELLO!!!!

14. Stampede!!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qmp4DjtWcuw
Are the actions of the participants an example of positive or negative feedback? Why?
Are the responses of the Ellen’s victims an example of positive or negative feedback? Why?

15. Examples of Feedback As a group discuss the following:
Provide two examples of negative feedback
Provide two examples of positive feedback

16. Feedback Loop Stimulus Response Receptor Effector Integrating Center
Stimulus: Increased body temp, Receptor: Thermo-receptors in skin, Integration: Brain or spinal cord, Effector: message sent to sweat glands
Response: Sweating
Effector
Integrating Center

17. Homeostasis of Blood Calcium
The bones and teeth contain approximately 99 percent of the calcium in the body, while the other 1 percent circulates in the blood. Too much calcium in the blood and too little calcium in the blood both have negative effects. If blood calcium levels decrease too much, the parathyroid glands activate their calcium-sensing receptors and release parathyroid hormone. PTH signals the bones to release calcium to increase the amount of calcium in the bloodstream.

18. Regulation of Blood Sugar
Stimulus
Response
Receptor
Stimulus: Increased body temp, Receptor: Thermo-receptors in skin, Integration: Brain or spinal cord, Effector: message sent to sweat glands
Response: Sweating
Effector
Integrating Center

20. Discussion Question Discuss with your group
What would happen to the heart rate (would it increase or decrease) if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by positive or negative feedback?

21. The Anatomical Position
Eyes forward, feet together, plams facing up with the thumbs pointed out
Used as _____________
a reference/
directional point
Anatomical position: eyes forward, feet together, palms facing up with the thumbs pointed out

22. Is this person in the anatomical position?
Figure 1.3

23. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4a

24. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4b

25. Body Regions Questions
Where is a plantar wart located?
Where do you take an otic temperature?
If you have carpal tunnel syndrome where is your injury located?
Where is the axillary nerve located?
If humans had dorsal fins, where would the fin be located?

26. Body Region Questions Continued
Women get botox to get rid of wrinkles in which body region?
Which body region is Homer always choking Bart?
Which body region is Dave Grohl’s goatee growing?

27. Describe Gaston using body region terms
Zebra
Which body region is the zebra showing you?

28. A Quick Review http://www.purposegames.com/game/f606295531

29. Positional Terms Supine Lying ___________ Prone Lying __________
face up
face down
Prone Like a pro baseball player sliding into home
Supine lying in your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth

30. Descriptive Terms Superficial __________ the surface Deep
________ from the surface
Toward/on
Away

31. Superficial vs Deep

32. Directional Terms

33. Directional Terms Superior Toward the head or the above Inferior
Away from the head or below

34. Superior Vs Inferior Heart is superior to the liver
Liver is inferior to the lungs

35. Directional Terms Anterior Nearer to/at the front Posterior
Nearer to/at the back
The sternum is anterior to the heart
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea

36. Anterior vs Posterior

37. Directional Terms Medial Nearer the midline Lateral Farther from the
**Midline = middle of body

38. Medial vs Lateral The ulna is medial to the radius
The lungs are lateral

39. Directional Terms ** only used to reference extremities (limbs) Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Root
Root
Distal farther from the point of origin
Proximal nearer to the point of origin

40. Proximal vs Distal Proximal Distal Point of origin Carpals Radius
Clavicle
Point of origin
Phalanges
Humerous
When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.

41. Positional Terms
Ventral
Front or belly
Dorsal
Back

43. Practice Superior or Inferior?
Abdomen is ________________ to the pectoral region
Oral region is ______________ to the nose
Cervical region is __________ to the tail bone
Anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal?
Nose is _______________ to the ear
Knuckles is __________ to the palm
Heel is ________________ to the toes
Medial or lateral
Radius bone is _________________ to the ulna bone
Middle toe is ___________________ to the big toe
Orbital region is _______________ to the ear
Proximal or distal
Fingers is ___________________to the carpal region
Upper arm is _______________to the clavicle
Lower leg is ________________to the thigh

44. Directional Terms Practice
Write a statement for each of the six pairs of directional terms. The statement should show the relationship of each pair.
E.x. “The wrist is distal to the elbow, but the shoulder is proximal to the elbow.”
Use the following structures
Nose (use medial/lateral)
Ears (use superior/inferior)
Toes (use anterior/posterior)
Knees (use distal/proximal)
Scapula
Ribs
Heart
Fingers

45. The Language of Anatomy
Write the following terms on the index cards at your lab bench
Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, ventral and dorsal
Then place them in the proper location on one of your lab partners.

46. Directional Terms Review
Directional Terms Fill in
Purpose Games

47. Body Planes Frontal (Coronal) plane Vertical
Divides body into anterior & posterior parts

48. Body Planes Transverse plane Horizontally
Divides body into superior & inferior parts

49. Body Planes Oblique Midsagittal Parasagittal
Passes through at an angle
Midsagittal
Divides body/organ into EQUAL right & left halves
Parasagittal
Divides the body/organ into UNEQUAL right and left halves
Midsagital passes through the midline of the body, the parasaggital does not.

50. Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes Quiz
Body Planes and Directional Terms

51. Various Receptors Thermoreceptors- detect changes temperature
Barroreceptors-detect changes in blood pressure
Photoreceptors- detect changes light
Chemoreceptors- detect changes in chemicals (e.x. carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc.)
Osmoreceptors- detect changes in osmotic pressure
Nociceptors- sense pain
Mechanoreceptors- allow for movement