1. How to take notes… The Crainum Way!
If you already know it, you don’t have to write it.
Figure out short “text abbreviations” for terms used a lot. (ie Carbon=C)
Anything that is discussed in class (whether it is on the power point or not can be on the test)
Flashcards are ESSENTIAL to prepare for tests. Make Them, Use Them, Don’t Lose Them!

2. The World of Physical Science Chapter 1
Hints:
MUST WRITE IN NOTES
MAKE FLASHCARD

3. That’s Science Section 1
Science-a process of gathering information about the natural world around us.  
To be science, it must be able to be measured and observed.
It is all about asking questions and making observations.
By studying science, facts are discovered, principles can be tested and verified, and scientific laws can be formulated.

4. Is it Science?
A student wants to know how fast something will fall if it is dropped off the top of a tall building.
Can you measure this?
Can you observe it?
Is it Science?

5. What is Physical Science?
Physical Science-the study of matter and energy.
Physical science is made up of two categories: chemistry and physics.
Chemistry
Matter-anything that has mass and takes up space.
EVERYTHING in the universe is made of matter.
Physics
Energy-the ability to do work.
ALL matter has energy.

6. Brain Buzz

7. Scientific Method Section 2
In order to obtain accurate data through the study of science, scientists must conduct their research in an orderly process. Scientific Method: The organized process in which scientists answer questions and solve problems. There are different “scientific methods” but the only difference is the in order of the basic steps.

8. Steps of the Scientific Method

9. Ask A Question?
This helps focus the purpose of the investigation. Example: Which dish detergent will make the largest bubbles?

10. Make Observation/Do Research
Observations are done anytime the senses are used to collect information.

11. Form Hypothesis
Based on the info you collected, this is the possible explanation for your question, it is an educated guess.

12. BRAIN BUZZ

13. Test Hypothesis
Perform the experiment testing only one variable, or factor, at a time. **Always written in an If, then statement**

14. Collect and Record Data
Analyze Data
This data was generated during the experiment.
Information that comes from the experiment.
Data can be used in tables and later used to draw conclusions
Study the data to see if it supports the hypothesis.
Create a graph
Create a summary of the data from the charts and graphs.

15. Conclusions Draw Conclusions Communicate Results
Decide if the hypothesis was correct, determine what the scientist needs to do next. REPEAT Repeat the experiment a minimum of three times to insure accuracy.
Letting the results be known keeps science going, other scientists can now do their own investigations of the same question. **If you cannot share and explain your results it does not allow other scientists to test and verify your results.**

16. BRAIN BUZZ

17. Variables The factor being tested
Variables The factor being tested. It is the thing that changes in an experiment.
Control
Two Types of Variables
An experiment run without a variable. Controls are run to eliminate the possibility of any hidden variables.
Independent (Manipulated) The factor that the scientist changes. Dependent (Responding) The factor that changes as a result of the independent variable changing.

18. Scientific Models Section 3
Sometimes it is not possible to study the actual object of a scientific question.
Models are a good way to represent the object that you cannot access.
A model is a representation of a real world object or system.
It uses a familiar object to explain an unfamiliar object.

19. Types of Scientific Models
There are three types of Scientific Models:
Physical
Mathematical
Conceptual
Models are limited that they are next EXACTLY like the real thing.
Models represent scientific ideas and objects. They are tools that can be used to generate new information, such as theory or law.
Physical
Mathematical
Conceptual

22. Using Models to Build Scientific Knowledge
Theory
Scientific Law
An explanation for an observation.
Must be tested and observed several times.
It takes several tests to prove a theory, it only takes one test to disprove a theory.
Models can be used to generate information to support or prove a theory wrong.
A theory is NOT a guess.
The result of many, many experiments and observations.
Explains how things work, not why they work.
There is a specific order or “method” in which new discoveries become accepted by the scientific community.
Hypothesis  Theory  Law

23. BRAIN BUZZ

24. Tools, Measurement, and Safety Section 4
A tool is anything that helps you accomplish a task. In science, many tools are used to generate data.
In science the metric system is used for all measurements.
Science is exciting and fun, but can also be dangerous. Following safety procedures are essential to keep you and your classmates safe.

25. Tools in Science
One of most widely used ways to collect data is through measurement.
Accurate measurements can only be obtained with proper tools.
Tools such as meter sticks, balances, and thermometers can generate data, which is then analyzed using tools such as a calculator and/or computer.

26. Basic Metric Measurements
Making Measurements The metric system, or International System of Units (SI), expresses units in multiples of 10.
Basic Metric Measurements
Volume
A meter is the basic SI unit of length,
1m=39.4 inches
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. A gram is the basic SI unit of mass.
1kg=2.2lbs
A liter is the basic SI unit of liquid volume. Volume is the amount of space that an object occupies. Formulas to find solid volume. For a square/rectangular object: (V=l x w x h) For a cylinder: (V=πr2h) All solid units are cubed.

27. Making Measurements Density Perimeter
The amount of mass in a particular volume. It is calculated using the formula: D=m/V
The distance around a closed plane. The formula to find perimeter: p= l + w + l + w or p= 2 (l +w)

28. Making Measurements Temperature Temperature Formulas
The basic SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K). The other temperature scales you should be familiar with are Fahrenheit and Celsius. Boiling Point of Water 212°F 100°C Freezing Point of Water 0°C 32°F
There is a mathematical relationship between all 3 scales. °F= (°C x 9/5) + 32 °C=(°F-32) 5/9 K=°C Absolute Zero: the point at which all molecular motion stops no life exists at the this point. It is zero on the kelvin scale.

29. BRAIN BUZZ

30. Flashcards may be collected at any point now.
Time for FLASHCARDS!
Flashcards may be collected at any point now.
A couple of things to remember:
Must be open ended questions (no multiple choice, true/false, yes/no, fill in the blank)
Flashcards must all be the same size and in a quart size freezer bag (do not use hole punchers on freezer bags).
Flashcards will not be accepted late. They are either here and complete or they are not!