1. Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 Science and Scientists
Science in Our World
Table of Contents
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Section 3 Scientific Models
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
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2. Chapter 1 Start with a Question
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Start with a Question
What Is Science? Science is the knowledge gained by observing the natural world. Asking questions can help you gather knowledge.
In Your Own Neighborhood What questions can you ask about your surroundings?
The World and Beyond What questions can you ask about deserts, forests, or beaches? What type of plants and animals live in each of these places?
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3. Investigation: The Search for Answers
Chapter 1
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Investigation: The Search for Answers
Research Look up information in textbooks, encyclopedias, and magazines. Search the Internet.
Observation Take a look around to find answers to your question. Watch your subject.
Experimentation Try an experiment to learn the answers to your question. Test your hypothesis.
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4. Chapter 1 Why Ask Questions?
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Why Ask Questions?
Fighting Diseases Science has led to many life-saving discoveries, such as the vaccination for polio.
Answering Society’s Questions Science develops different technologies to address our problems, such as reducing the threat of a polluted environment.
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5. Why Ask Questions?, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Why Ask Questions?, continued
Saving Resources Science has helped us make our natural resources last longer and to plan ahead so that resources are not used up.

6. Scientists All Around You
Chapter 1
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Scientists All Around You
Geochemist A person who specializes in the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil.
Mechanic A person who uses science to solve problems with machines.
Oceanographer A person who studies the ocean, including waves, currents, plants, animals, and the ocean floor.
Zoologist A person who studies the lives and needs of animals.
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7. What Are Scientific Methods?
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
What Are Scientific Methods?
Scientific methods are the ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems.
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8. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question
Asking a question helps focus the purpose of the investigation. Scientists often ask a question after making an observation.
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9. Chapter 1 Make Observations
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Make Observations
Accurate Observations Any information that you gather through your senses is an observation.
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10. Chapter 1 Form a Hypothesis
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation or answer to a question that is based on observation and can be tested.
A statement of cause and effect that can be used to set up a test for a hypothesis is called a prediction.
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11. Chapter 1 Test the Hypothesis
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis
Under Control A controlled experiment tests only one factor at a time and consists of a control group and one or more experimental groups.
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12. Test the Hypothesis, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis, continued
Designing an Experiment Designing a good experiment requires planning and a consideration of all factors.
Collecting Data Scientists keep clear, accurate, honest records of their data so that other scientists can repeat the experiment and verify the results.

13. Chapter 1 Analyze the Results
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Analyze the Results
After they finish their tests, scientists must analyze the results. Analyzing the results helps scientists explain and focus on the effect of the variable.
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14. Chapter 1 Draw Conclusions
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Draw Conclusions
Scientists must conclude if the results of their tests support the hypothesis. Proving that a hypothesis is not true can be as valuable as proving that it is true.
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15. Chapter 1 Communicate Results
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Communicate Results
After finishing an investigation, scientists communicate their results.
Sharing allows other scientists to repeat experiments to see if they get the same results.
Sometimes, new data lead scientists to change their hypotheses.
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16. Chapter 1
Section 2 Scientific Methods

17. Types of Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models
Physical Models Physical models, such as miniature volcanoes and steam engines, look like the thing that they model.
Mathematical Models A mathematical model may be made up of numbers, equations, and other forms of data. Charts and graphs are examples of mathematical models.
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18. Types of Scientific Models, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models, continued
Conceptual Models Conceptual models are systems of ideas or comparisons of unfamiliar things with familiar things to help explain unfamiliar ideas.
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19. Mathematical Model: A Punnett Square
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Mathematical Model: A Punnett Square
The Punnett square helps scientists study the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
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20. Building Scientific Knowledge
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Models
Building Scientific Knowledge
Scientific Theories An explanation that ties together many related observations, facts, and tested hypotheses is called a theory.
Scientific Laws A scientific law is a statement of what will happen in a specific situation. A law tells you how things work.
Scientific Change If new evidence challenges an accepted idea, scientists must reexamine the old evidence and reevaluate the old idea.
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21. Chapter 1 Tools for Measuring
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools for Measuring
Some tools you can use to make measurements:
stopwatch
meterstick
balance
thermometer
spring scale
graduated cylinder
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22. Tools for Measuring, continued
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools for Measuring, continued
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23. Chapter 1 Tools for Analyzing
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools for Analyzing
Some tools you can use to analyze your data:
calculators
computers
pencil and paper
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24. Chapter 1 Units of Measurement
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Units of Measurement
The International System of Units Begun by the French Academy of Sciences in the late 1700s, the SI is used by almost all countries in the world.
All SI units are based on the number 10, which makes conversion from one unit to another easy.
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25. Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

26. Chapter 1 Measurement area  length  width
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement
Length The basic unit of length in the SI is the meter.
Area The measure of how much surface an object has. Use the following equation:
area  length  width
Mass A measure of the amount of matter in an object.
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27. Measurement, continued
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
Volume The measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space.
Temperature The measure of how hot (or cold) something is.
Density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. Use the following equation:
density =
mass
volume

28. Chapter 1 Safety Rules! Follow your teacher’s instructions.
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Safety Rules!
Follow your teacher’s instructions.
Read lab procedures carefully.
Pay special attention to safety information.
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