1. PARTS OF SPEECH
L.Nabulsi

2. Does grammar make you feel like you do not know where you are headed?‘ S
TRY TO STRAIGHTEN
YOU
OUT!

3. NOUNS Tell the what in your sentences. What is this dog singing?
PERSONS
PLACES
THINGS
IDEAS
COMMON NOUNS – boy, fish
PROPER NOUNS – Tom, Nemo
CONCRETE NOUNS – Tangible objects - film
ABSTRACT NOUNS – Intangible ideas - creation
Tells WHAT

4. Using Nouns to Make Your Writing Stronger
Use concrete nouns rather than abstract nouns
When first mentioning a person’s name, state the full name; thereafter, use the last name
Only mention the city and state when the city is not well known.
Repeat a noun mentioned in one paragraph when first mentioned in successive paragraphs. Do not rely on pronouns.

5. PRONOUN Personal pronouns – Police those antecedents
First person – person speaking – I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours
Second – person spoken to – You, your, yours
Third – person spoken about – He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its,they, them, their , theirs
Relative – who, whose, whom (refer to people only); which (refers to things/non-animate only); that (refers to anything).

6. Pronouns Demonstrative – this, that, these and those
Indefinite pronouns – everyone,(singular) everybody, both, one
REMEMBER: A PRONOUN REPLACES A NOUN
A PRONOUN NEEDS AN ANTECEDENT( A NOUN TO WHICH IT REFERS)
A PRONOUN MUST AGREE IN NUMBER AND GENDER WITH THE ANTECEDENT (Laura – she; politicians – they; Thomas – he)

7. Personal Pronouns Singular Plural Nominative 1st I we 2nd you you
3rd She, he, it they
Objective
1st me us
3rd him, her, it them
Possessive
1st my, mine our, ours
2nd your, yours your, yours
3rd his, hers, her, its their, theirs

8. Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Plural Possessive Objective
This these (near)
That those (far)
Interrogatives Pronouns
Who,
Which, Whose Whom
What,
Reflexive or Intensive
1st myself ourselves
2nd yourself yourselves
3rd himself, herself, themselves
itself
Relative Pronouns
That, which, Whose whom

9. Indefinite Pronouns Always singular Both Always plural
Another, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Everyone, Everybody,
Everything, Nothing, Each, Either No One, Neither, Nobody, One, Someone, Somebody, Something
Both, Few,
Many, Several
All, Most,
None, Some

10. Using Pronouns to Give Your Writing Punch
When using this, that, these, those place a noun after them to clarify the antecedent; for example, this idea, those members of management, these solutions. In other words, use these words as demonstrative adjectives, not pronouns.
For clarity, use nouns after most indefinite pronouns: some people, each member
Double check indefinite pronouns. They can function as either singular, plural or either.
Use a possessive form before a gerund: His coming, not him coming

11. VERBS Form pictures ACTION – hit, bake, take,
LINKING – am, is, are, was, were, be, being,been, look, smell, taste, sound, elected, seems, become
SIMPLE TENSES – present, past, future
VOICE – ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VERB PHRASE – helping verb plus main verb

12. Using Verbs to Make Your Writing Stronger
Eliminate verbs of being as much as possible.
The team is winning this game.
The team, winning this game, executes all its plays.
Eliminate future tense
Ted will have to deal with attendance problems.
Ted must deal with attendance problems.

13. Understand these two concepts to strengthen your writing with verbs
1. Maintain one tense within main clauses, a paragraph and possibly a composition
The solutions involve (present) economics. Management increases (present) profits by raising prices and lowering production costs (Maintains present tense).
The solutions involve economics. Management increased profits, raised prices, and lowered production costs (Shifts to past tense tense).

14. 2. Use ACTIVE, not PASSIVE voice
The subject
functions as
the ACTOR.
Temporary employees are hired
by management in the summer.
PASSIVE
Subject receives the action;
Verb now has verb of being
No DO-actor in prep. phrase
Management hires
temporary employees for
the summer.
ACTIVE
The direct
object
RECEIVES
The action

15. ADJECTIVES MODIFY NOUNS AND PRONOUNS TELL Which one - artistic woman
What kind – realistic painting
How many – one paint brush
Whose – Tom’s art work, his (pronoun functioning as an adjective)easel, her talent, their collection

16. Using Adjectives to Make your Writing Stronger
Add color to your writing by expanding sentences with details, details, details
Use the comparative and superlative forms correctly
Place adjectives adjacent to the word they modify

17. ADVERBS MODIFY VERBS, ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS TELL
When – SING ANYTIME
Where – SING HERE, IN CHURCH
Why – SING FOR PLEASURE
How - SING LOUDLY SOLO
To What Extent – SING OFTEN
ADVERBS CAN BE SINGLE WORDS, PHRASES OR CLAUSES

18. Using Adverbs to Make Your Writing Stronger
Most students tell the who and the what. To develop their ideas, they need to tell when, where, and especially WHY.
In the position paper – why feel this way?
In the persuasion – why is the solution a good one
In the case study – why is there a problem and why are your ideas solving this problem
-LY – Form adverbs by adding –ly to many adjectives
Place adverbs adjacent to the words they modify.

19. PREPOSITIONS LINKS ONE NOUN WITH ANOTHER NOUN
AT, IN, FOR, ABOVE, BELOW, AFTER
THE FIRST WORD IN A PREPOSTIONAL PHRASE IS THE PREPOSITION
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES FUNCTION AS ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES INCLUDE THE PREPOSITION PLUS A NOUN AND ITS MODIFIERS
At school; in the class; for the class members; above your head; below deck; after this class

20. Using prepositions to strengthen your writing
Proper use of prepositions reflects a degree of intelligence and sophistication
Prepositional phrases help clarify, modify and expand the nouns or verbs in the sentence
Prepositional phrases help vary sentence structure when used to begin a sentence.

21. CONJUNCTIONS COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS – AND, BUT, FOR, YET
CO-RELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS – EITHER-OR; NEITHER-NOR; BOTH- AND; NOT ONLY- BUT ALSO
SUBORDINATE – BECAUSE, SINCE, IF, AFTER (Often prepositions)

22. How to use conjunctions to strengthen your writing
Avoid the use of coordinate conjunctions.
Never begin a sentence with a coordinate conjunction even though professional writers might. Your writing is formal, academic writing, so set your computers tools for this task.
Use subordinate conjunctions over coordinate conjunctions to subordinate one clause to another. In other words, use complex sentences rather than compound sentences.

23. INTERJECTIONS
WORDS THAT EXPRESS EMOTIONS
WOW!
OUCH!

24. How to use interjections to make your writing stronger
Don’t - yes, do not use these words in academic writing.

25. Students, I stress these concepts
It sometimes might seem like you are wrestling and struggling with grammar; however, when you look at this PowerPoint, the document about “Twelve Common Errors,”and master these concepts, you realize grammar is just another playful game that challenges you.

26. Websites http://grammar.uoregon.edu/pronouns/interrogative.html
p:// ml