1. Genetic Engineering
Text Ch. 13 Pg

2. “Low Tech” – Selective Breeding
Domestication of plants and animals that we use/have
Virtually all current of these are result of human manipulation of sexual reproduction.
Crossing individuals with the traits you desire, in order to have, maintain, better that trait in the next generation.

3. Corn – 6,000 years of change

4. Cattle - 10,000 years of selective breeding Horse - American Pharoah $200,000 per live foal

5. Hybridization, Inbreeding
Cross dissimilar individuals to try for the best of both.
Disease resistance with higher food value
Continued breeding of same traits to maintain traits
Pet breeds, types of food plant/animal
Can increase chance of recessive alleles, which can lead to problems.

6. “Higher Tech”
Induce mutations (radiation or chemicals), to increase rate of variation.
May not work out, but if it is done enough, might come across survivors with desirable traits
So what is this done on?
Bacteria to digest oil
Polyploid plants, animals
Meiotic interruption to get extra set of chromosomes
Can result in larger, stronger individuals as food.

7. Polyploidy
farmers plant diploid, tetraploid 28-chromosome durum wheat and hexaploid 42-chromosome bread wheat.
Durum wheat makes more toothsome pasta, while the gluten-y hexaploid flour forms protein networks that stretch into loftier, lighter bread.
Wheat polyploidy has happened both from nature, and from human cross breeding.

8. Triploid Trout stocked in NM

9. Highest Tech Genetic Engineering – DNA Manipulation
Extract DNA from cells (we did a version of this)
Cut DNA into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes
Separate DNA using gel electrophoresis
Analyze DNA read the base sequences, discover the function of the sequence, determine genetic factors

10. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Take small amount of DNA
Add a complementary segment to both ends
Split the double helix
Add DNA polymerase raw materials
DNA will continue to replicate, making enough identical DNA for further study
Crime scene evidence, paternity, genetic research

11. Recombinant DNA
DNA (gene) from one organism attached to DNA of a different organism.
Use of bacterial plasmids
Circular DNA sequence with ability to replicate
Bacteria as tiny chemical factory (human growth hormone)
Insert target gene into plasmid
Bacteria to infect plant
Vitamin A rice
Bt corn

12. Glofish Knockout Mice Jellyfish Genes