1. East Meets West
The Crusades

2. Reasons for the Crusades
Holy Land was holy to Christians, Jews and Muslims (especially Jerusalem)
Place where Jesus was born and died
Looking for adventure and riches
Few opportunities in feudal Europe
Hatred of Muslims

3. Causes: Adventure
After Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population.
A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure.

4. Causes: Religious Piety
Intense Religious Piety
Due in part to the Investiture Controversy (a significant conflict between secular and religious powers over the issue of who would control appointments of church officials).
People became personally engaged in the dramatic religious controversy
The Results:
Intense Christian piety
Public interest in religious affairs
Popular support for the 1st Crusade
The religious vitality of the 12th century
Emperor Henry IV at the feet of Pope Gregory VII

5. Causes: Papal Politics
Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
Cluniac Reform caused the church in the West to be more attentive to business and provided impetus to attempt to reassert control
The Great Schism, 1054, was a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority.

6. Causes: European Expansionism
In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to that country.
After the capture of Toledo from the Moslems in 1087, it became the residence of the kings of Castile and the ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain
The Normans captured Sicily from the Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country.

7. Causes: Muslim Advances
Events in Moslem World
The Battle of Manzikert, 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims).
The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks.
The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic.

8. Europe 1000-1100 Adventure Papal Politics Religious Piety
Great Schism 1064
Europe
Adventure
Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars c. 1000
Papal Politics
Religious Piety
Battle of Hastings 1066
Expansionism
Investiture Controversy 1075+
Muslim Advances
Cluniac Reform c. 1024
Constantinople
Capture of Toledo from Muslims 1087
Rome
Battle of Manzikert 1071
Pilgrimages
Capture of Sicily from Muslims 1099

9. The Crusades
After Muslims (Seljuk Turks) were threatening the Byzantine Empire (Christians), Pope Urban II calls for Christians from Western Europe to protect the Byzantine Empire and to capture the Holy Land from its Muslim inhabitants
Asia Minor

10. Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095
Objectives
Drive Turks from Anatolia
Obligate the Byzantines
Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms (get the Greek Orthodox Church back)
Capture Holy Land
Have the Christians fight together, not each other
Indulgence from sins - Exempt from taxes - Debts cancelled

11. GOD WILLS IT!! Pope Urban II calls the first Crusade - 1095
" Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, those who do not know God, the heathen (non Christians).
Jerusalem wants to be free and begs you to come help!
Who will take up this work,
who will right these wrongs
who will recover this territory, if you won't ?"
   
GOD WILLS IT!!

12. Even peasants wanted to fight.
Peter the Hermit led the peasants, but most
died before they reached the Holy land.

13. There were eight major Crusades
There were eight major Crusades. Only the first one was really successful.
Land and water routes to the Holy Land.
Most gathered in Constantinople for the journey south.

14. The Crusaders
Historians believe that 30,000 crusaders left
Western Europe to fight in the First crusade.
About 4,000 of those were knights,
who were happy to try out their fighting skills.
The rest of the crusaders were foot soldiers, archers
(soldiers with bows and arrows), and cooks.
Women and priests also traveled with the men
in the army.
The European Jews were the first to die by the Christians in the Crusades!!

15. Major Events of Crusades
First Crusade
Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land
Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill.
Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

16. The Burning of Jerusalem
The Crusaders were terribly cruel to the Muslims and to the Jews
The First Crusade was the first and last victory for the Crusaders.

17. Christians set up 4 crusader states in the Holy Land
and built Crusader Forts to establish feudalism

18. They were FIGHTING MONKS
Two new order of Knights were established during the crusades:
The Knights of the Temple, the Templars
And
The Knights of St. John, the Hospitallers
They were FIGHTING MONKS

19. Then, in 1147 Edessa falls
The Pope calls the 2nd Crusade

20. Major Events of Crusades
Second Crusade
King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany were badly defeated!
Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat

21. Saladin, leader of the Muslims began retaking land won in the First Crusade.
Saladin’s Empire

22. Crusade of the Three Kings
Third Crusade
Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
Was called to re-take the Holy land captured by Saladin
Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
Saladin on Moslem side.
Philip Augustus of France
Richard the Lionhearted of England
Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire

23. Richard never made it inside the walls of Jerusalem
Richard never made it inside the walls of Jerusalem. Instead, he and Saladin made a
Three year Truce

24. Major Events of Crusades
Fourth Crusade
Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt.
To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetians
Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204
Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

25. The Crusaders didn’t even make it to the Holy land
The Crusaders didn’t even make it to the Holy land. They looted and raided Constantinople instead!!
Pope Innocent III excommunicated all of the participants
Are you crazy?? We
Are not your enemies!!
“How shall I begin to tell of the deeds done by these wicked men?
They trampled the images underfoot instead of adoring them. They
threw the relics of the martyrs into filth….
They broke into bits the sacred altar of Santa Sophia, and distributed it
among the soldiers. When the sacred vessels and the silver and gold
ornaments were to be carried off, they brought up mules and saddle
horses inside the church itself.”

26. The spirit of the crusades had been lost. Very
few crusaders ever made it to the Holy Land.
The  "enthusiasm "  seen in the first crusades
had been replaced by a hunger for wealth.

27. The Children’s Crusade
Stephen,12 year old French shepherd,  had a vision that God wanted children to go on a new crusade to free Jerusalem from Muslims. He gathered 30,000 French children and marched 300 miles to Marseilles, France. The group was shipped out  in 7 ships loaded with 5,000 children, monks, and nuns. 2 ships were wrecked, 5 ships made it to North Africa where all were sold into slavery.
Nicholas also a 12 year old shepherd and another child leader from Germany led 20,000 children from Germany over the Alps to Italy. Nicholas and the other leader’s armies of children sailed from Italian ports and were never heard from again.
50,000 children went, at least 10,000 died from disease, abuse, exposure, shipwreck, or attack. 23,000 never returned home.

28. Major Events of Crusades
Fifth Crusade
Strategy- to wipe out the Muslim power at its power base in Egypt
Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
Moslems agreed
Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, were routed

29. Major Events of Crusades
Sixth Crusade 1229
Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire did little fighting and a lot of negotiation
Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten (or fifteen) years
Frederick was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting

30. Major Events of Crusades
Seventh Crusade
Led by Louis IX of France
The King was captured and later his vassals had to pay ransom
Nearly an exact repeat of the 5th Crusade

31. Major Events of Crusades
Eighth Crusade
Also led by Louis IX of France
Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 (Acre)
One small island stronghold lasted until 1303

32. Would call them a How about successful failure??
By 1291, the last piece of Christian
land in the Holy Land was lost to the Muslims.
The crusades were over.
Would call them a
Success
Failure?
Or a
How about
successful failure??

33. The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
Repeated military defeats
Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

34. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans
Stimulated Mediterranean trade
Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques
Romantic and imaginative literature

35. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe
Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from East to West - Europe had little to give in return.

36. Long Term Effect #1: Long Term Effect #1:
Interaction between Western Europe and Muslim in Middle East - Cultural Diffusion

37. Increased trade between Europe and Middle East
Long Term effect #2:
Long Term effect #2:
Increased trade between Europe and Middle East

38. Long Term Effect #3:
Italians act as middlemen in the trade between Western Europe and Middle East - they become wealthy - leads to Renaissance

39. Long Term Effect #4:
Legacy (long term effect) of distrust and hatred between Christians, Jews and Muslims

40. Long Term Effect #5:
Growth of towns and cities along crusader routes; weakening of feudal system

41. Weakened nobles, and strengthened kings
Long Term Effect #6:
Weakened nobles, and strengthened kings