1. Ch. 13: Reformation

2. Protestant Reformation
Church abuses
Popes competed
with Italian princes for
power
Led lavish lifestyles
Raised fees for services (marriage, baptisms)
Clergy sold indulgences
A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

3. 95 Theses 1517, Protest against Church abuses lead to a revolt
Lead by Marin Luther
German monk, theology professor
Martin Luther
95 Theses
Arguments against indulgences
May have posted list on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church

4. Copies were printed & spread across Europe
By 1530’s Lutherans were calling themselves Protestant (protested papal authority)
Copies were printed & spread across Europe
“I have cast the die… I will not reconcile myself to them [the Roman Catholic Church] for all eternity… Let them condemn & burn all that belongs to me; in return I will do as much for them… Now I no longer fear, & I am publishing a book in the German tongue about Christian reform, directed against the pope, in language as violent as if I were addressing the Antichrist.”
-Marin Luther, 1520

5. Switzerland’s Reformation
John Calvin
Trained as a priest
Shared many of Luther’s ideas
Preached predestination
1541, Geneva asked Calvin to head their community
Calvinists
Spread around Europe
1600s, some Calvinists left England for New World
Stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, & morality

7. Reformation Ideas Spread
English Reformation
King Henry VIII
Originally against Protestant revolt
Pope named him “Defender of the Faith”
But, 1527, he & his wife of 18 years Catherine of Aragon had one surviving child, Mary Tudor
Wanted a boy & in love with Anne Boleyn (served the queen)
Catholic law prohibits divorce, but Protestants…

9. Catholic Reformation
England would become a Protestant nation but keep many Catholic traditions
Catholic church also reformed during this time
Most of Europe remained Catholic, but the Church revised & updated many traditional Catholic beliefs

10. Widespread Persecution
Time of heightened religious passion
Both Catholics & Protestants were intolerant…
Witch hunts
Between , tens of thousands of women & men died as victims of witch hunts
Restrictions on & persecution of Jews also increased

11. Scientific Revolution
Renaissance & Reformation broke down Medieval thinking
Mid 1500s, shift in scientific thinking
Copernicus proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe (1543)
Galileo said Earth moves around the sun
1633, tried since he contradicted Christian teachings
Threatened with death unless he stated publicly in court that Earth stands motionless at the center of the universe
Legend has it he muttered…”And yet it moves”