1. Stage 6: Deciding on basic moral principles by which you will live your life and relate to everyone fairly
rare people have considered many values and have decided on a philosophy of life that truly guides their life
do not automatically conform to tradition or others’ beliefs
carefully choose basic principles to follow, such as caring for and respecting every living thing, feeling that we are all equal and deserve equal opportunities, or, stated differently, the Golden Rule
strong enough to act on their values even if others may think they are odd or if their beliefs are against the law, such as refusing to fight in a war
Motto: “I’m true to my values”

2. Carol Gilligan research assistant for Lawrence Kohlberg
began to question Kohlberg’s methodology
participants in his studies were all men
consideration of individual rights over consideration of the caring in human relationships
male perspective over a female perspective
became one of Kohlberg’s most outspoken critic
In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development

3. challenged Kohlberg’s claim that all moral reasoning is “justice reasoning”
women’s moral judgments necessarily include feelings of compassion and empathy for others  “other” v the individual
Women Men
interdependence (“connection”) • independence (“separation”)
responsibility to others • responsibility for oneself
passive recipients • active agents
seek solutions that are caring • seek solutions that are just
and benevolence and fair
moral wrongness is linked to • moral wrongness is linked to
failure to communicate & violations of rights and justice
respond
moral interactions take place • moral interactions take place
on the personal relationship on the political & legal level
level with family & community with laws & contracts

4. Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development
Level 1: Self-Oriented
focus is on the needs of
transition to level 2 begins with recognition of the conflict between one’s own needs and the needs of others
Level 2: Other Oriented
focus is on the needs of others
good is equated with caring for others
one’s own needs become devalued
transition to level 3 begins with recognition that the self cannot be left out, but must also be an object of one’s caring

5. Level 3: Universal Oriented
focus is on the universal obligation of caring
care is a self-chosen principle that condemns exploitation, violence, and neglect and demands active response to suffering
caring for oneself and others is seen as intertwined because the self and others are recognized as interdependent
all acts of caring are seen as beneficial to both self and others

6. Philosophy of Hard Determinism
Determinism - theory that all events are caused
nature of things and the world
Future can be predicted, past can be explained
Universe is orderly
Hard Determinism
If Determinism is true: all events are caused
Therefore, all human desires and choices are caused
Then there is NO CHOICE and NO FREE WILL!!!

7. For an action to be free it would have to be the result of a choice, desire or act of will, which had no cause
That is, free WILL means that the Will or choosing “mechanism” initiates the action
free act or choice would be one which is uncaused, or happened independent of causes, or completely disconnected from preceding events
no such free acts exist
actions are caused by wants and desires
wants and desires flow from our character
our character is formed by environment and heredity

8. Beyond Freedom and Dignity Behavior Modification or
Trace the causes of any event or action back and it will have sources which are outside ourselves and our control
NO FREE WILL
B. F. Skinner
Beyond Freedom and Dignity
Behavior Modification or
Operant Conditioning
use of consequences to change the
occurrence and form of behavior
Reinforcement is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency
Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency
Extinction is the lack of any consequence following a behavior

10. If people behave as a result of punishment or reinforcement, where is freedom in life?
When people “choose” to do something they “want”, it is because they have been reinforced to believe they want it!!!
Our “choices” are DETERMINED by our culture

11. Who has more freedom?
WHY???
The Wall
- Pablo Ibbieta

12. Jean-Paul Sartre
Freedom is not itself a matter of choice
MORE TO IT THAN CHOICE
foundational quality of human being
Cannot escape our freedom
condemned to be free
we are responsible for the actions we commit
“You are nothing but the sum of your acts.”
“to be is to act”
because we are conscious of our moral responsibility, we feel anguish in the face of our freedom
RESPONSIBILITY for actions

13. Viktor Frankl fascinating background - survivor of Holocaust
performed a number of roles in camps (including Auschwitz) from physician to psychiatrist to slave laborer
those who died in concentration camps have some responsibilities in their own demise
- finding meaning to life is key to developing human potential
- survivors found meaning in helping those less fortunate in the concentration camps

14. Founder of Existential Psychology
Four Principles
1. Life is Being
2. Life is a process of Becoming
3. Life has choices and we must take Responsibility for these choices
4. Happiness comes from taking responsibility
Existential Vacuum –
thwarts us in finding meaning and purpose in life