1. The Rise of Europe, the Middle Ages, and the Byzantine Empire
Unit 2 & 3
The Rise of Europe, the Middle Ages, and the Byzantine Empire
Who will control Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire? Will it be:
the Franks or modern day France? (Triple Entente WWI and Allies WWII.)
the Angles/Saxons or modern day England? (Triple Entente WWI and Allies WWII.)
the Roman Church from Germany (the Huns from Germany) to Italy also known as the “Holy Roman Empire” or the Roman Catholic Church created by the Great Schism from the old Western Roman Empire? (Triple Alliance WWI and Axis WWII.)
the Byzantine Empire from Eastern Europe to Constantinople, to the Vikings of Russia and the effects on the Balkans (where WWI started) or the new Eastern Roman Empire also known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and then Russian Orthodoxy created by the Great Schism? (Russia will fight on the side of France and England during both World Wars.)
the Rise of Islam from the Middle East and India? (Caught in the middle of Europe’s troubles during both World Wars.) This will be covered in a separate unit as part of Unit 3C and chapter 10 after the midterm and eventually will lead to Middle Eastern conflicts and rise of terrorism.)

2. The Three Reich's
1st – Holy Roman Empire after the Fall of Rome in the Middle Ages Unit started by Charlemagne and Pope Leo III.
2nd – German Reunification under Otto Von Bismarck to revive the Holy Roman Empire in the Revolution Unit of study.
3rd – Hitler’s Rise to Power to bring back German (Holy Roman) Greatness in the Modern Age Unit.

3. The Big Picture:
Pre-history to Civilizations to Classical Period to Middle Ages to Enlightenment & Revolution to the Modern Era and beyond…..
The fall of Rome led to Barbarian invasions and a take-over of remnants of the old Roman Empire that would create the rise of European nations through revolution and rebellion and eventually lead to World Wars.
After WWII the rise of Superpowers led to the Cold War between the United States & Soviet Union. The battle for control of ___ continues between Europe, the United States, Russia, Asia & ___________.
The rise of or the continuation of?
Humans develop civilizations, Athens becomes of the “Cradle of Democracy”, and the Roman Republic rises and falls.

4. Seeds of World War hundreds of years before they happen.
Chapter 7
Early Middle Ages
Seeds of World War hundreds of years before they happen.

5. Barbarian Invasions Angles & Saxons = English Franks = French
Visigoths = Spanish
Ostrogoths = Northern Italians
Vandals = Southern Italian Mafia
Huns = Hungarians
Goths = Germans & Poles

6. The unifying force of the Roman empire was gone.
Europe declined after the fall of the Roman Empire during the early Middle Ages, for several reasons.
2. The region was invaded repeatedly by Barbarians from the North and Islamic forces from the South.
3. Trade and classical learning decreased.

7. After the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes carved Western Europe into small kingdoms.
These tribes included the Vandals (Italians), the Saxons (English), the Goths (Germans), and the Franks (French).
Unlike the Romans, the Germanic tribes lived in small communities with no written laws.
In 486, the Frankish king Clovis conquered Gaul, modern-day France. He converted to Christianity and won the support of the pope in Rome.

8. Starting in the 600s, Muslims built an empire in the Mediterranean region.
Muslim armies conquered Spain and crossed into France.
Charles Martel led Frankish warriors in the battle of Tours to push Islamic forces back.

9. He fought Muslims, Saxons, Avars, Slavs, and Lombards.
He aided the pope in Rome by defending the pope from invasion. In return, the pope crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans.
Charlemagne was a skilled leader who brought scholars to his court and revived Latin learning.
Martel’s grandson Charlemagne briefly united Western Europe.

10. Charlemagne spread Christianity to conquered people throughout his kingdom and set up a strong, efficient government.
However, the pope’s action angered the emperor of the eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople and deepened the split between eastern Rome and western Rome.
When Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, the idea of a united Christian empire was revived.

11. After Charlemagne died, his empire was divided into three
After Charlemagne died, his empire was divided into three. His heirs faced waves of invasions.

12. Muslim armies conquered Sicily in the late 800s.
Muslim attacks subsided after 900.
Even after their defeat at Tours, Muslim forces posed a threat.
They went on to plunder parts of Western Europe.
After 50 years, the Magyars were pushed back into Hungary.
Around 900, the Magyars overran Eastern Europe.

13. These Scandinavian people were expert sailors.
They opened trade routes linking northern Europe to the Mediterranean.
Vikings settled in England, Ireland, and parts of France and Russia.
Charlemagne’s empire broke apart even more when the Vikings began raiding European coastal and river towns.

14. Feudalism and the Manor Economy

15. Obligations of the lord
Under the feudal arrangement, both lords and vassals had obligations to each other. (Copy)
Obligations of the lord
Obligations of the vassal
Protect the vassal
Grant the vassal a fief, or estate
Pledge loyalty to the lord
Provide the lord with forty days of military service per year
Provide money payments and advice

16. Powerful lords such as dukes and counts
Monarch
Society was very structured. Every individual had a place in the social pyramid. (copy)
Powerful lords such as dukes and counts
Vassals (The same man could be vassal to one lord and lord to another vassal.)
Peasants

17. Warfare was a way of life in the feudal age.
Warfare often involved trying to seize a castle. These fortresses housed lords and knights and gave refuge to peasants in time of war.
Castles were fortified with high walls, towers, and water-filled moats. 17

18. At a young age, nobles began training to become knights.
When training was done, the young man was made a knight in a public ceremony.
Knights wore armor and fought with swords, axes, or lances. They also engaged in mock battles called tournaments.
Boys as young as seven went to the castle of their father’s lord to learn to ride and fight. 18

19. The “lady of the manor” supervised vassals and managed the household.
Some noblewomen, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, played a role in politics.
Women’s rights of inheritance were restricted, but some did inherit fiefs.
Wives were expected to bear many children.
Noblewomen took over the duties of the lord when he went off to war.

20. In the later Middle Ages, knights adopted a code of ideal conduct called chivalry.
It required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word, as well as to fight fairly and protect the weak.
In theory, chivalry put women on a pedestal. Troubadours sang about brave knights and their devotion to their loves. 20

21. The manor was the heart of feudal life.
It included a village or two and surrounding lands. The manor system worked by mutual obligation.
Most of the population were serfs, who were bound to the land.

22. Most manors were self-sufficient, producing everything the people there needed.
Manors included fields, a mill, a church, peasant huts, and the lord’s manor house.
Most serfs never traveled farther than a few miles away during their entire lives.

23. Life was harsh and short for peasants.
Everyone worked long hours, and few lived past age thirty- five. They ate a simple diet of bread and vegetables and slept in huts with their livestock.
Peasants had a week off at Christmas and Easter. They celebrated by dancing and playing rough sports.

24. Medieval Christianity

25. How did the church play a vital role in medieval life?
The Christian Church and its teaching were central to medieval life. The Church became the most powerful force in Europe.
Religion shaped everyday life and exerted great economic and political influence.
Science was non existent because people depended on the church for learning.

26. In the early Middle Ages, missionaries spread Christianity throughout Western Europe.
In the 400s, St. Patrick converted Ireland.
In 597, the pope sent Augustine to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons.

27. Everyday life was shaped by Church rituals.
The parish priest administered the sacraments, which people believed would lead them to eternal life.
Priests explained the Bible and assisted the sick and needy.
By the late Middle Ages, Western Europe was a Christian civilization.

28. Church attitudes toward women were two-sided.
However, Christians looked to Mary, the mother of Jesus, as an ideal of a pure and faithful woman.
Women were viewed as weak and easily led to sin.
The Church often punished women more harshly than men for similar misdeeds.
The Church also protected women and fined men who injured their wives.

29. The Church developed its own rules, known as canon law.
Medieval popes claimed papal supremacy, and the Church had absolute power in religious matters.
The Church developed its own rules, known as canon law.
Those who disobeyed faced penalties such as excommunication or the interdict.
The Church was also a force for peace.
It used its authority to end fighting among nobles. Warfare declined during the 1100s.

30. The success of the Church caused problems and corruption
The success of the Church caused problems and corruption. There were several movements for reform.
New orders of friars developed. The first was founded by St. Francis of Assisi.
He gave up a comfortable life to devote himself to traveling and preaching.

31. Jewish communities existed all across Europe at this time.
Since Muslim rulers were tolerant of Jews and Christians, Spain became a center of Jewish culture.
Prejudice against Jews increased by the late 1000s. Popes issued decrees forbidding Jews to own land or practice most occupations.
Thousands of Jews migrated to eastern Europe.

32. Medieval Trade and Town Life

33. New technology helped peasants plant more crops
New technology helped peasants plant more crops. Iron plows cut more deeply into heavy soil. A new kind of harness allowed horses to pull plows.
Lords increased farmland by clearing forests and draining swamps.
An agricultural revolution transformed Europe around A.D

34. In addition to these improvements, peasants began to rotate crops to increase yields.
As a result of increased food supplies, the population of Europe tripled between 1000 and 1300.

35. As the population grew, warfare declined, and people began to travel.
Trade routes expanded. At annual trade fairs, merchants exchanged goods from Asia such as silk, jewels, and spices.

36. The growth of trade led to the
rise of towns
and cities.
Most trade fairs closed in winter. Merchants and artisans settled in towns near castles. These centers of trade grew into the first medieval cities.
Merchants who set up shop in a new town received a charter from the local lord.

37. New business practices led to a commercial revolution.
As people sought capital to invest in new ventures, banking grew.
Merchants formed partnerships to pool funds and share risk. They also developed insurance.
Over time, most serfs became tenant farmers, who paid for their land in rent rather than labor.

38. Medieval cities were very different from the cities of today.
They were surrounded by high walls and had very narrow streets.
There was usually a church with a steeple that could be seen from far away.
Cities were overcrowded and had no sanitation. People dumped waste into the street.

39. Cause and Effect