1. THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS

2. Chapter Three: The Scientific Process
3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
3.2 Experiments and Variables
3.3 The Nature of Science and Technology

3. Section 3.1 Learning Goals
Apply deductive reasoning skills to solve problems.
Contrast hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Explore the scientific process and apply steps of the scientific method.

4. 3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
Scientists believe the universe follows a set of rules called natural laws.
The primary goal of science is to discover these natural laws and what they mean.

5. 3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
Learning about science by asking questions is called inquiry.
An inquiry is like a crime investigation with a mystery to solve.

7. 3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
Because evidence is so important in science, there are careful rules defining what counts as scientific evidence.
The evidence must accurately describe what happens in the real world.

8. 3.1 Scientific Evidence Scientific evidence must be objective.
“Objective” means the evidence should describe only what actually happened as exactly as possible.
It is reported without bias or opinion.

9. 3.1 Scientific Evidence Scientific evidence must repeatable.
“Repeatable” means that others who look the same way at the same thing will observe the same results.
Galileo’s drawings of the moon.
More evidence of lunar cycles.

10. 3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
Scientific evidence may include numbers, tables, graphs, words, pictures, sound recordings, or other information.
It is important that scientific evidence be communicated clearly, with no room for misunderstanding.

11. 3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
A scientific theory is a human attempt to describe a natural law.
For example, understanding heat puzzled people for a long time.

12. 3.1 Scientific theories
Before 1843, scientists believed (a theory) that heat was a kind of fluid (like water) that flowed from hotter objects to colder objects.
They called this fluid caloric.
The caloric theory explained what people knew at the time.

13. 3.1 Scientific theories
However, a big problem came up when people learned to measure weight accurately.
The caloric theory was soon given up because it could not explain this new evidence.

14. 3.1 Scientific theories
One of two things can happen when new evidence is found:
The current theory correctly explains the new evidence. Or,
The current theory does not explain the new evidence so a new (or improved) theory is waiting to be discovered.

15. 3.1 Scientific theories
The word theory in science means a single explanation is supported by lots of evidence collected over a long period of time.
Theories in science start out as hypotheses.

16. 3.1 Scientific hypotheses
A scientific hypothesis must be testable.
We collect evidence that supports or refutes the hypothesis.

17. 3.1 Scientific experiments
Experiments done by James Joule in were confirmed over many years and became the theory of heat we accept today.

19. 3.1 Scientific theories
A hot cup of coffee has more heat energy than a cold cup of coffee.
As coffee cools, it’s heat energy is transferred to the room.
As a result, air in the room is warmed, but no change in weight or mass can be detected in the two cups.

20. 3.1 The Scientific Method
Scientists observe nature, then develop or revise hypotheses about how things work.
The hypotheses are tested against evidence collected from observations and experiments.
Any hypothesis that correctly accounts for all of the evidence from the observations and experiments is a potentially correct theory.
A theory is continually tested by collecting new and different evidence. Even one piece of evidence that does not agree with a theory forces scientists to return to step one.

22. Measuring Time Investigation 3A Key Question:
How is time measured accurately?

23. Chapter Three: The Scientific Process
3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
3.2 Experiments and Variables
3.3 The Nature of Science and Technology

24. Section 3.2 Learning Goals
Define experiment.
Contrast experimental and control variables.
Discuss how experiments are carried out and the importance of communicating results.

25. Experiments and Variables
Investigation 3B
Experiments and Variables
Key Question:
How do you design a valid experiment?

26. 3.2 Experiments and variables
An experiment is a situation specifically set up to investigate something.
The goal of any experiment is to understand the relationship between variables.
In a simple ideal experiment only one variable is changed at a time.

27. 3.2 Experiments and variables
The variable you change in an experiment is called the experimental variable.
The variables you keep the same are called control variables.
Each time you run the experiment is called a trial.
See if you can identify each component in this experiment…

28. Experimental variable
Trials
Control variable
Control variable
Control variable

29. 3.2 Experimental techniques
Your experimental technique is how you actually do the experiment.
The procedure is a collection of all the techniques you use to do an experiment.

30. 3.2 Experiments then and now
Michael Faraday, a British scientist, made some important discoveries while experimenting with electricity and magnets.
Faraday’s original question was “How are electricity and magnetism related?”
Electric current is created when a coil rotates in a magnetic field.

31. 3.2 Experiments then and now
Earth is like a giant magnet.
In 1996, NASA conducted a modern version of Faraday’s electromagnetism experiments using a tethered satellite.

32. Chapter Three: The Scientific Process
3.1 Inquiry and the Scientific Method
3.2 Experiments and Variables
3.3 The Nature of Science and Technology

33. Section 3.3 Learning Goals
Examine the importance of ethics in scientific research and reporting.
Discuss examples of how science helps to solve problems.
Consider the role of engineering in scientific and technological advancements.

34. 3.3 The Nature of Science and Technology
Truthful reporting is the most important tradition of science.
Scientists often write a report of their experiments and submit it to a scientific journal.

35. 3.3 The Nature of Science and Technology
Technology is the application of science to meet human needs and solve problems.
Technology arises from a need for things to be done better.

36. 3.3 Science and Technology
People who design technology to solve problems are called engineers.

38. 3.3 The Nature of Science and Technology
The engineering cycle consists of:
designing a prototype
building a prototype,
testing a prototype, and
evaluating a prototype.
The best inventions go through the cycle many times, being improved each cycle until all the problems are worked out.

40. Looking for Significant Differences
Investigation 3C
Looking for Significant Differences
Key Question:
Do you really need photogates to study the motion of the Energy Car, or is a stopwatch good enough?

41. Ethics in Medical Research
In 1990, Seldane ranked fifth in new prescriptions dispensed in the United States. It was used to treat allergy symptoms without inducing drowsiness.
Doctors suspected that an interaction between Seldane and another drug might cause unusual heart rhythms and unexplained fainting.