1. Chapter 37
Circulation

2. Circulation
The circulatory system is made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
The cardiovascular system is made up of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
The lymphatic system is made up of the lymph, lymph nodes, and the lymph vessels.

3. Human Cardiovascular System
A powerful four-chambered heart
Was an essential adaptation of the endothermic way of life characteristic of mammals and birds

4. Human Cardiovascular System
Some of the important parts of the four-chambered heart are described below.
The septum separates the heart vertically into two sides.
The atrium is an upper chamber of the heart that receives blood that is returning to the heart.
A ventricle is a lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

5. Circulation in the Heart
Path of blood as it circulates through the heart:
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
The right atrium sends deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle.

6. Circulation in the Heart
The muscles of the right ventricle contract and force blood into the pulmonary arteries.
The pulmonary artery sends blood to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood.

7. Circulation in the Heart
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart.
Oxygenated blood is then pumped into the left ventricle.

8. Circulation in the Heart
The muscular walls of the left ventricle contract and force blood into a large blood vessel.
This blood vessel is called the aorta, and it carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

9. Arteries and Blood Pressure
The large, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart and to the body are called arteries.
Arteries are made up of three layers: an inner endothelial layer, a middle layer of smooth muscle, and an outer layer of connective tissue.

10. Arteries and Blood Pressure
As the heart moves the blood through the arteries, it produces a great force against the inside walls of a blood vessel. This force is known as blood pressure.
High blood pressure, or hypertension, can place a strain on the walls of the arteries and could cause that artery to burst.

11. Arteries and Blood Pressure
In order to measure blood pressure, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure must be measured.
Systolic pressure, measured first, is the pressure of the blood when the ventricles contract.
Diastolic pressure, measured second, indicates the steady flow of blood through the artery.

12. Capillaries and Veins
From the artery, a series of smaller vessels called arterioles carry the blood to capillaries.
The capillaries are a vast network of tiny vessels that allow an exchange between the blood and the cells to occur.

13. Capillaries and Veins
After cells interact with the blood, the blood goes back to the heart. To do this, capillaries merge to form venules.
These venules are connected to a vein. A vein is a bundle of vascular tissue that transports fluids and nutrients back to the heart.
Veins are made up of three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue.

14. Blood Vessels

15. BLOOD COMPONENTS

16. BLOOD COMPONENTS Blood is composed of : Plasma
2) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
3) Leukocytes (white blood cells)
4) Thrombocytes (platelets)

17. PLASMA
Plasma is a sticky, straw-colored fluid that is about 90 percent water and includes metabolites, nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins.
Plasma provides cells with nourishment and carries various proteins.

18. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
A red blood cell is a disc-shaped cell that has no nucleus and transports oxygen to cells in all parts of the body.
Immature red blood cells synthesize large amounts of an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the molecule that transports oxygen.

19. Leukocytes - White Blood Cells
White blood cells are cells in the blood that destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxic proteins and helps the body develop immunities.
In addition to different functions, white blood cells also have a different structure and life span than red blood cells.

20. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Platelets are partial cells that are necessary for the formation of a blood clot. The actual formation of a blood clot is a series of steps.

21. Composition of Blood

22. Lymphatic System

23. Lymphatic System
The circulatory system also includes the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system returns fluids that have collected in the tissues to the bloodstream.
Excess fluid in the tissues, called lymph, moves into the tiny vessels of the lymphatic system by diffusion.

24. Lymphatic System
Lymph vessels are similar to blood vessels but are also different in many ways.
Lymph is filtered through small organs known as lymph nodes to trap tissue debris and other foreign particles.