1. Classification of Living Things

2. Non-Science Example of Classification
The item in this picture is
Automobile:
Truck, Car, or SUV? Car
Made by? Ford
Type of Ford car? Mustang
-Was made in what year? 2002
-Is it Convertible? No
-Color? Silver

3. Classification: Goes from General to Specific
Automobile – Biggest
Car
Ford
Mustang
2002
-Non Convertible
-Silver - Specific

4. Classification
Classify – to group things together based on similarities
Why Classify?
To make organisms easier to identify
To make organisms easier to compare
How do we classify?
Compare Traits – features or characteristics of an organisms

5. Little Known Fact:
There are over ___1.5 Million_____; and more are discovered each year.
What do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered.
Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organisms
The Science of Classification is called Taxonomy

6. Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C.
2 Groups: Plants and Animals
Plants – Green, Non Mobile
Animals – Not Green, Mobile

7. How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?
Praying Mantis
Green but..
Mobile
Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

8. Tools Used to Classify Organisms
1. Comparative Anatomy
Compares Physical Structures, Traits
2. Biochemistry – DNA and RNA
3. Embryology – Developing Embryos
4. Molecular Basis – Cellular Structure
5. Phylogeny
Related Organisms with common ancestors, Derived Characters

9. Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Classification
1. Kingdom – largest group
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
(Most Closely Related)
We have now added DOMAIN which is bigger then Kingdom

10. Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order
Domain - Did
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Phillip
Class – Came
Order – Over
Family From
Genus Great
Species - Spain

11. Taxons Within each category, a particular group is called a Taxon
Many Taxons for each category
Ex: Mammalia is the Taxon for the Class category in Humans
Ex: Homo is the Taxon for the Genus category in Humans
Carnivora is the Taxon for the Order category in Lions

12. From Kingdom to Species

13. Example Classification
Lion
1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals)
2. Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals)
3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals – mammary glands)
4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters)
5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats)
6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats)
7. Species – leo (Lions)

14. Which two animals are most closely related?
At what taxon do they diverge?

15. Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming
Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific name of an organism
Uses Genus and Species
Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized
In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline
Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human)
Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)
Used Latin –
Felis concolor or Felis concolor

16. Practice
Scientific name for….
Humans? Squirrel?
Gorilla? Katydid?

17. Three Domain System
Classification

18. Domain Archaea Corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs and Autotroph
Cells Walls without peptidogylcan
Live in Extreme environments like
those of early Earth
ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your gut

19. Domain Eukarya Most visible life Humans are in Domain Eukarya
Contains Multiple Kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus
Single or multi-cellular
Most visible life
Humans are in Domain Eukarya
Diatom

20. Fungi Coral – It can move

21. Fungi - Mushrooms
All in the same domain as us!

22. 3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms
Classification

23. Which is the most primitive?

24. Three Domain System Bacteria – Common Bacteria
Archaea – Ancient Bacteria
Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

25. Just another example of changes in science
5 Kingdoms turns into 6
Monera is now Eubacteria and
Archaeabacteria
Just another example of changes in science

26. Domain Bacteria
Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom
Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus)
Ecologically Diverse –
live everywhere!
Cell Walls contain substance called
Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar
Autotroph and Heterotrophs
Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning
Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine
Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

27. Kingdom Archaeabacteria
Domain Archaea
Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs and Autotroph
Cells walls without peptidogylcan
Live in Extreme environments like
those of early Earth
ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..
some even live in your gut

28. Summary of Bacteria All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs or Autotrophs
What is the big difference?
Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan?
Archaebacteria
Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan

29. Protista Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic Majority are unicellular,
but some are colonial or multicellular.
Heterotrophs and autotrophs
May or may not have a cell wall of cellulose
Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like.
Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox.

30. Fungi Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin.
Majority multicellular; few
unicellular.
Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying
organic matter. (_Decomposer_)
Examples: Mushrooms, yeast,
bread mold.
Bread Mold

31. Plantae Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular,
cell walls of cellulose.
Autotrophs; photosynthesis
 chloroplast.
Examples: Mosses, ferns,
flowering plants, cacti.

32. Animalia Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls.
Heterotrophs
Examples: Sponges, worms,
insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles.
Extreme diversity is
found in this kingdom

34. 6 Kingdom System Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia