1. Classification of Living Things

2. Non-Science Example of Classification
The item in this picture is
Automobile:
Truck, Car, or SUV? Car
Made by? Ford
Type of Ford car? Mustang
-Was made in what year? 2002
-Is it Convertible? No
-Color? Silver

3. Classification: Goes from General to Specific
Automobile – Biggest
Car
Ford
Mustang
2002
-Non Convertible
-Silver - Specific

4. Classification
Classify – to group things together based on similarities
Why Classify?
To make organisms easier to identify & compare
How do we classify?
Compare Traits – features or characteristics of an organisms

5. The Million Dollar Question is:
Why do we need a system of order and organization among the extreme diversity of life?

6. ANSWER: Little Known Fact:
There are over 1.5 Million Organisms__; and more are discovered each year.
Why do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered.
Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organisms

7. TAXONOMY
The science by which organisms are classified and placed into categories based on their structural similarities and evolutionary relationships.
Early attempts at classification often described the physical characteristics of organisms.

8. Aristotle 384-322 B.C. 2 Groups: Plants and Animals
ANIMALS – CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE & SIZE
PLANTS – CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF WHERE THEY LIVE

9. Plant/Animal System Example
2 Kingdom Broad classification based on:
Color & Mobility
Green, Non Mobile
Not Green, Mobile

10. How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?

11. How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?
Praying Mantis
Green but..
Mobile
Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

12. CAROLUS LINNAEUS ( )
Swedish naturalist
Laid the groundwork for the modern classification system.
Based his work on morphological similarities.

13. Basis for Classification:
1. Comparative Anatomy (Structure)
Compares Physical ex: Homologous Structures, Traits
2. Biochemistry –
ex: DNA and RNA
3. Embryology –
Comparing Developing Embryos
4. Molecular Basis –
ex: Cellular Structure
5. Phylogeny
Related Organisms with common ancestors
ex: Derived Characteristics

14. Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Classification
1. Kingdom – largest group
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
(Most Closely Related)

15. Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Phillip
Class – Came
Order – Over
Family For
Genus Ginger
Species - Snaps

16. Taxons Within each category, a particular group is called a Taxon
There are many taxons
for each catergory.
Ex: Mammalia is the
Taxon for the Class
category in panthers.
Ex: Panthera is the Taxon for the Genus category in panthers.

17. Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming
Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific name of an organism
Uses Genus and Species
Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized
In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline
Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human)
Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)
Used Latin –
Felis concolor or Felis concolor

18. Example Classification
Lion
1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals)
2. Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals)
3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals – mammary glands)
4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters)
5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats)
6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats)
7. Species – leo (Lions)

19. From Kingdom to Species

21. Three Domain System
Classification

22. Timeline of Classification
– 322 B.C. Aristotle
2 Kingdom Broad Classification
Carl Linnaeus
2 Kingdom Multi-divisional Classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species
3. Evolutionary Classification – (After Darwin)
Group By lines of Evolutionary Descent
4. 5 Kingdom System – 1950s
5. 6 Kingdom System – 1990s
6. 3 Domain System – 1990s

23. Three Domain System Bacteria – Common Bacteria
Archaea – Ancient Bacteria
Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

24. Which is the most primitive?

25. Domain Bacteria
Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom
Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus)
Ecologically Diverse –
live everywhere!
Cell Walls contain substance called
Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar
Autotroph and Heterotrophs
Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning
Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine
Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

26. Domain Archaea Corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs and Autotroph
Cells Walls without peptidogylcan
Live in Extreme environments like
those of early Earth
ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your gut

27. Summary of Bacteria All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs or Autotrophs
What is the big difference?
Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan?
Archaebacteria
Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan

28. Domain Eukarya Most visible life Humans are in Domain Eukarya
Contains Multiple Kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus
Single or multi-cellular
Most visible life
Humans are in Domain Eukarya
Diatom

29. Fungid Coral – It can move

30. Fungi - Mushrooms
All in the same domain as us!

31. 3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms
Classification

32. Just another example of changes in science
5 Kingdoms turns into 6
Monera is now Eubacteria and
Archaeabacteria
Just another example of changes in science

33. 6 Kingdom System Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia

34. Eubacteria
Domain Bacteria
Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus)
Ecologically Diverse –
live everywhere!
Cell Walls contain substance called
Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar
Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat (Streptococcus) and Food Poisoning (E. Coli)
Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine
Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

35. Kingdom Archaeabacteria
Domain Archaea
Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
Heterotrophs and Autotroph
Cells Walls without peptidogylcan
Live in Extreme environments like
those of early Earth
ex. Methanogens & Halophiles
found in Volcanic Hot Springs…..
some even live in your gut

36. Protista Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic Majority are unicellular,
but some are colonial or multicellular.
Heterotrophs and autotrophs
May or may not have a cell wall
Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like.
Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox.

37. Fungi Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin.
Majority multicellular; few
unicellular.
Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying
organic matter. (_Decomposer_)
Examples: Mushrooms, yeast,
bread mold.
Bread Mold

38. Plantae Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular,
cell walls of cellulose.
Autotrophs; photosynthesis
 chloroplast.
Examples: Mosses, ferns,
flowering plants, cacti.

39. Animalia Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls.
Heterotrophs
Examples: Sponges, worms,
insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles.
Extreme diversity is
found in this kingdom