1. Aim: The Cold War [ ]: What factors intensified the Cold War hostilities between the US and Soviet Union?
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]
US & the Western Democracies
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan]
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

2. End of the War: Pacific Theater
U.S. strategy of “island-hopping” by-passed heavily fortified islands to get closer to Japan
Bombing raids of Japan began June 1944
40% of Tokyo was destroyed
U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9)
reasons FOR and AGAINST?

3. Warning to Japan Urging Surrender
Excerpts from President Truman's radio address to the American people
August 9, 1945
The British, Chinese, and United States Governments have given the Japanese people adequate warning of what is in store for them. We have laid down the general terms on which they can surrender. Our warning went unheeded; our terms were rejected.
The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. But that attack is only a warning of things to come. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and, unfortunately, thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately, and save themselves from destruction.
I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb.
We won the race of discovery against the Germans. Having found the bomb we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners of war, against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international laws of warfare. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans.
We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japan's power to make war. Only a Japanese surrender will stop us.

4. Nagasaki “Fat Man” Hiroshima “Little Boy”
After the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Truman said “This is the greatest thing in history” and “Nobody is more disturbed over the use of atomic bombs than I am but I was greatly disturbed over the unwarranted attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and their murder of our prisoners of war.”

5. Triumph & Tragedy in the Pacific
August 1945: USA forced Japan to surrender by dropping 2 atomic bombs
Effect of the atomic bombs:
Saved hundreds of thousands of American (& Japanese) lives
Revenge for Pearl Harbor
Showed the USSR that the USA had the ultimate weapon (began the Cold War nuclear arms race)
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6. Its Finally Over!

7. WW2 Timeline (Allies, Axis, USSR)

8. Result of World War II for U.S.
1. Greatly expanded government power
2. U.S. is only atomic superpower
3. U.S. is leading the international community
4. Renewed efforts by women and blacks to achieve equality
5. A great need for consumer goods
6. The beginning of the baby boom
7. The G.I. Bill promotes education
8. Beginning of the Cold War with the Soviet Union
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9. “Hello! Hello! If There’s Anyone Left Alive I’d Like to Unite With ’Em in a World League to Outlaw War”
How does cartoon reflect some of the fears people had after WWII ended?
Immediately following the dropping of the atomic bomb in 1945, "Ding" Darling drew this cartoon. Although the cartoon drew little recognition, a few years after Darling's retirement, a nearly identical cartoon by another artist won the Pulitzer Prize.

10. Creating World Peace & Prosperity
At the end of WW2, the major world powers addressed the global economy & peace-keeping:
The United Nations replaced the League of Nations in 1945

11. Each member of the Executive Council has veto power over other members
The U.S., U.S.S.R, England, France, & Nationalist China made up the Security Council
An army!
All 50 member nations were represented on the General Assembly

12. When did the Cold War begin?
The Cold War was an era of distrust, threat of nuclear war, & ideological expansion between the superpowers, USA & USSR:
The Cold War began during the Russian Civil War ( ) & Soviet pullout of WW1
But, American-Soviet tensions heightened at the Yalta & Potsdam WW2 conferences
DON’T COPY

13. “I can work with Stalin…he is honest—but smart as [heck].”
The Cold War Begins
“I can work with Stalin…he is honest—but smart as [heck].”
In July 1945, Truman first met Stalin at Potsdam to discuss post-war Europe & ending the war with Japan
Truman, a rookie, was a “Wilsonian idealist” & hoped for international cooperation
Stalin had ruled Russia for 2 decades, was a cautious realist, & believed the USSR needed to protect itself

14. At Yalta, Stalin agreed to allow self-determination in Eastern Europe
Cold War Divisions
Because Britain, France, the USA, & USSR could not agree on German war reparations, Germany was divided into occupied zones at the Potsdam Conference
At Yalta, Stalin agreed to allow self-determination in Eastern Europe
Potsdam was the conclusion of the American-Soviet alliance that brought an end to World War 2
By Potsdam, Stalin had extended his control over Eastern Europe to create a buffer zone between the USSR & its future enemies
Potsdam presented a major Cold War theme: Because they could not agree on how do govern Europe, Truman & Stalin divided it

15. Nuremberg Trials, Nov. 1945-Oct. 1946
Crimes Against Humanity

16. How did Stalin react to the end of WWII?
USSR was badly damaged in WWII & needed help to rebuild
FDR & Truman declined loans & ended all Lend-Lease aid
So, Stalin took over factories in Eastern Europe & Manchuria
The USSR slowly recovered but this deepened the hostility & antagonism of the Cold War
The image is of the Soviet army in Manchuria

17. Soviet Invasion of Manchuria, 1945

18. Capitalism & Democracy
The Iron Curtain
Capitalism & Democracy
Communism & Totalitarianism
The USA began to view Stalin in the 1940s as a new Hitler — a dangerous threat & an aggressive dictator desiring world domination

19. Review Excerpt “A” and Answer Questions
The Iron Curtain
Stalin’s response? In substance, Mr. Churchill now stands in the position of a firebrand of war. And Mr. Churchill is not alone here. He has friends not only in England but also in the United States of America. In this respect, one is reminded remarkably of Hitler and his friends. Hitler began to set war loose by announcing his racial theory, declaring that only people speaking the German language represent a fully valuable nation. Mr. Churchill begins to set war loose, also by a racial theory, maintaining that only nations speaking the English language are fully valuable nations, called upon to decide the destinies of the entire world.
Review Excerpt “A” and Answer Questions
1946: Churchill made the “Iron Curtain” speech at Westminster College (Fulton, Missouri)
“Iron Curtain” = line of eastern European “satellite” nations under control of the USSR after WWII

20. George F. Kennan “Containment” (July 1947)
U.S. diplomat - served in Moscow
Long Telegram = Soviets cant be trusted; proposed policy of containment
Author “X”
July 1947: Foreign Affairs article “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” (A WARNING ABOUT THE USSR’S TENDENCIES)
“... the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies...” and “Will not lead to any immediate victory but will eventually force the USSR to live in peace with the West”
Review Excerpt “B” and Answer Question

21. Review Excerpt “D” and Answer Questions
Truman Doctrine (1947)
Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
Truman Doctrine
???
This commitment to stopping the spread of Communism was viewed by the Soviet Union as an informal declaration of a cold war
President Truman: U.S. will support any “free peoples” resisting “armed minorities”
AKA  any nation that the U.S. government believes is threatened by communism
Immediate objective: send U.S. aid to anti- communist forces in Greece and Turkey
Review Excerpt “D” and Answer Questions
America needed to aid “free peoples” resisting attack by “armed minorities” (primarily monetary aid). Greece and Turkey looked ready to topple, so the US gave them about $400 million
- Set the stage for the Marshall Plan (US rebuilt most of western Europe and helped counter communist takeovers there) – “containment” in action

22. The Truman Doctrine
Soviet pressure on Greece & Turkey led to U.S. fears of Russian influence on 3 continents
Taking Greece might lead to communism in Iran & all of Asia
Then, into Egypt & all of Africa
Then, all of Europe through Italy
The Truman Doctrine then offered U.S. assistance to any nation threatened by Communism
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23. Congress appropriated $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey

24. The Marshall Plan
European nations had difficulty recovering after WW2 which led to U.S. fears of Communist coups in Europe
The Marshall Plan offered aid to help Europe recover
Industry revived & Western Europe became a goldmine for U.S. trade & consumer goods
The “Communist threat” ended
We will see what happens in Germany…

25. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe 1948-1952
Stalin refused to accept Marshall Plan aid in the USSR or any Soviet satellite & responded with his own Molotov Plan in Eastern Europe

26. NATO
Fears of Soviet aggression led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949:
Provide collective security for Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Greece, & Turkey
The Cold War now had an ideological (Truman Doctrine) & economic (Marshall Plan) base & military enforcement (NATO)
This is a major departure from the traditional U.S. policy of isolationism

27. The USSR responded in 1955 with the formation of the Warsaw Pact
NATO initiated as a result of a Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948

28. Our so far Cold War Timeline
Soviet Blockade & Berlin Airlift
June ‘48 – May ‘49
The Iron Curtain is created March 5, 1946
Sources of Soviet Conflict “X”
July, 1947
Truman Doctrine
March, 1947
George Kennan’s Long Telegram is sent
February, 1947
Marshall Plan proposed
June, 1947
Marshall Plan APPROVED!
April, 1948

29. How does this reflect the development of US-Soviet relations after WWII? What do you think will happen?