1. Verb forms that function as: Nouns Adjectives Adverbs
8.L.1a Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences
Verbals
Verb forms that function as:
Nouns
Adjectives
Adverbs

2. A participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective.
I’m having an identity crisis.
Verb

3. Examples:
The rapidly developing storm kept small boats in port.
The pleased student smiled at the teacher.

4. Present Participles
Present participles are formed by adding –ing to the plain form of the verb.
Example: The laughing student grinned like a Cheshire cat.

5. Past Participles
Past participles are formed by adding either –ed, -d-, -t, -en, or –n to the plain form of the verb. Others may be formed as irregular verbs.
Ellie, my dachshund, had a bewildered look on her face when the water from the nozzle in her bathtub suddenly turned cold.

6. Gerunds Jog jogging A gerund is a verb form used as a noun.
The gerund can be formed by adding –ing to the present tense of the verb:
Jog jogging
Jogging at night without reflective gear can be dangerous.

7. Gerunds can be used as:
A subject: (usually at the beginning of sentence)
Jogging is a popular form of exercise.
A predicate nominative (after a linking verb/renaming the subject)
A popular form of exercise is jogging.
A direct object: (after an action verb; answers “what?” after verb)
My sister enjoys jogging Enjoys what? jogging
An object of the preposition: (follows a preposition)
These shoes are made for jogging.
participle jogging shoes
**Remember: A participle is a verb form that describes a noun.**
**Remember: A verb phrase that includes a verb form ending in -ing will be paired w/ a helping verb and will express action:
When I was jogging around the block, I sprained my ankle.

8. Gerund Review
Underline the gerund phrase in each sentence. Then identify if the gerund is used as a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, or object of a preposition.
Raising the funds proved to be a difficult task.
Joseph hoped to obtain a job by learning the welding trade.
The Moreno family loves cooking for relatives.
I am able to earn money by working in the campus library.
Camping at Coleto Creek was the Smith family’s annual summer vacation
**Did you find the participle?

9. Infinitive: An infinitive is a verbal that appears after the word to.
SPI Identify the correct use of appositives/appositive phrases and infinitives/infinitive phrases within context.
Infinitive: An infinitive is a verbal that appears after the word to.
The “to” before the verb is called
“The sign of the infinitive.”
to run
to see
to hear

10. The word “to” is a preposition when it is followed by a noun or pronoun that is its object.
I need a ride to the game We went to Jeff’s party.
prepositions

11. Verbal Review
Underline the verbal in each sentence and indicate whether it is a gerund (G), a participle (P) or an infinitive (I). If the item is a gerund, label the use (S, PN, DO, or OP.)
Jennifer’s goal was to graduate from the University of Houston-Victoria.
John’s favorite outdoor activity is skiing.
Going on a cruise and climbing Mt. Rushmore were Rachel’s summer vacation plans.
Dancing with the famous instructor, Dillon felt like a star.
Animals dumped in the streets often become a menace.
The girls love to swim at Julie’s house.
Watching the birds is one of Mr. Martin’s hobbies.
Janice, baking 10 cakes for the festival, accidentally burned one of them.
Working out daily should be an essential part of American life.
I have a book to return to the library.