1. Unit 2: Migration

4. Migration A type of mobility Emigration – from a location
Migration is a permanent move to a new location
Migration = relocation diffusion
Emigration – from a location
Immigration – to a new location

5. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants
Most long-distance migrants are
Male
Adults
Individuals
Families with children = less common

6. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Gender
Traditionally, males outnumbered females
In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female
Family status
In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

7. Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration
Most people migrate for economic reasons
Push and pull factors
Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones
Cultural factors
Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees)
Political factors
Environmental factors

8. Refugees: Sources and Destinations
Figure 3-2

9. Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Push and pull factors
Intervening obstacles
Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental
Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles

10. Questions
1. Describe what the most common long distance migrant is like.
2. Give an example of a push factor for the United States. Give an example of a pull factor for the United States.

11. Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration Internal migration
Two types:
Interregional migration = movement from one region to another
Intraregional migration = movement within a region

12. Internal Migration Internal Migration Within one country.
Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries.
Movements between states or provinces.
Little government control.
Factors:
Employment-based.
Retirement-based.
Education-based.
Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

13. Interregional Migrations
Movement from one region of a country to another
U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

14. Changes in Manufacturing Employment, 1968-1991.

15. U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990)

16. Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
Movement within one region
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs
Developed Countries:
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

17. Intra-Regional Migration
Population Change
in Boston Area,
Chloropleth Map

18. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list
Mexico City, Mexico
Lagos, Nigeria
Mumbai, India

19. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration between regions of a country
U.S. settlement patterns
Colonial settlement
Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s)
California
Gold Rush in the 1840s
Great Plains settlement
Recent growth of the South

20. U.S. Interregional Migration
Figure 3-17

21. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Intraregional migration in the United States
Migration from rural to urban areas
Primary reason = economic migration
Migration from urban to suburban areas
Primary reason = suburban lifestyle
Migration from urban to rural areas
Counterurbanization

22. Intraregional Migration in the United States
Figure 3-21

23.
Interactive Map of Intraregional migration U.S.l
Interactive map showing migration in the U.S.

24. Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration International migration
Two types:
Voluntary
Forced
Migration transition
International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

25. International Migration
Voluntary migration
The migrant makes the decision to move.
Most migration is voluntary.
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process.
Slavery.
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Situations of divorce or separation.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

26. Voluntary African-American Migrations
Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

27. Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838

28. Forced Migration

29. Global Migration Patterns
Figure 3-5

30. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Immigration policies of host countries
U.S. quota laws
The Quota Act (1921)
The National Origins Act (1924)
Temporary migration for work
Guest workers
Time-contract workers

31. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees
Emigrants from Cuba
Emigrants from Haiti
Emigrants from Vietnam

32. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Cultural problems faced while living in host countries
U.S. attitudes towards immigrants
Attitudes toward guest workers

33. Questions
3. What is the difference between an economic migrant and a refugee?

34. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Global migration patterns
Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania
The United States has the largest foreign-born population

35. Net Migration by Country
Figure 3-7

36. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
U.S. migration patterns
Three main eras of migration
Colonial migration from England and Africa
Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe
Recent immigration from LDCs

37. Migration to the United States
Figure 3-8

38. Migration to the United States from Latin America
Figure 3-9

39. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Legacy of European migration
Europe’s demographic transition
Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out
65 million Europeans emigrate
Diffusion of European culture

40. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Unauthorized immigration
2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants
About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force
Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico

41. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Destinations
California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants
New York = one-sixth of all immigrants
Chain migration-migration to a specific location because family already migrated there

42. Questions
5. Most migrants to the United States during the peak of the 1840s and 1850s came from which part of Europe?
6. What was the primary reason why Europeans migrated to the United States?

43. Migration in Europe
Figure 3-20

44. Questions
7. In the United States, why is there a current migration trend to the South?