1. The Nature and Nurture of Behavior CHAPTER 3 p. 110-119 & CHAPTER 11 p

2. WHAT THIS CHAPTER IS! NATURE Our biological blueprint
Evolutionary Psychology:
natural selection
Sexuality
Behavior Genetics: is it nature or is it nurture?
Eugenics
Twin studies, adoption studies, temperament, heritability
Gene-environment interaction
The new frontier: molecular genetics

3. NURTURE Environmental influence
How much credit or blame do your parents deserve?
The prenatal environment
Experience and brain development
Peer influence
Cultural influence

4. Chromosomes
Rod shaped structures found in the center of the nucleus of every cell in the body.
Each sperm and each ovum (egg cell) contains 23 chromosomes.
The chromosomes contain the genes.
The fertilized egg (zygote) and all the body cells that develop from it (except the sperm cells and the ova) contain 46 chromosomes.

5. Karyotype A photograph of a cell’s chromosomes arranged in pairs according to size

6. Genes The basic unit of genetic information
A gene is a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein
They determine the nature and the function of the cell.
Made up of nucleotides (A, T, C, & G)
Homozygous- 2 genes in pair are the same
Heterozygous- 2 genes in pair are different
Polygenic –characteristics are influenced by more than one pair of genes
The human genes (about 140,000) are referred to as the human genome.
A genome is the full set of genes in each cell of an organism that is made of a sequence of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA

7. Genotype
The genetic makeup of a given individual
Recessive Gene
The gene pair that determines a trait in an individual only if the other member of that pair is also recessive
Phenotype
The traits that are observably expressed in the individual
Dominant Gene
One gene of a gene pair that will cause a particular trait to be expressed

9. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of each cell the body and how it will function.
At each level of the spiral or rungs of the ladder are particular chemical pairs, “double helix.” The arrangement of these pairs along the DNA molecule determines which kind of proteins that will be formed in the cell and determine our physical development.

10. 3.1 billion letters within human DNA

14. Universal Behaviors: Evolutionary Psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection… adaptive qualities which have helped us survive and spread our genes
Fitness
Reproductive success (number of descendents) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population
Natural Selection
The traits that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Finding one’s ecological niche
Adaptation
Inherited characteristic that increased in a population (natural selection) because it helped solves a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged

15. David Buss and the International Team (1994)
50 scientists studied:
10,047 people
in 37 countries
in 6 continents
Men preferred women thought to be youthful & healthy
Women preferred men who were mature, dominant, bold, & affluent

16. Evolutionary Psychology: David Buss Research Continued
Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health
Women preferred resources and social status

17. Human Sex Differences: Universal
Males
Promiscuous
Undiscriminating
Competitive and concerned about dominance
Prefer beauty and health
Like sexual novelty
Females
Devoted and faithful
Cautious
Less competitive
Prefer resources and social status
Like stability and security

18. Innate Human Characteristics
Infant Reflexes
An Attraction to Novelty
A Desire to explore and manipulate objects
An Impulse to be playful and fool around
Basic arithmetic skills

19. Language Acquisition Device Innate Mental Module Noam Chomsky
Children in different cultures go through similar stages of linguistic development.
Children combine words in ways adults never do.
Adults don’t consistently correct their children’s syntax.
Even children with an Intellectual Deficiency develop language.
Infants can derive simple linguistic rules.

20. “Genes, by themselves, are like seeds dropped onto pavement: powerless to produce anything”

21. Explaining Differences: Behavior Genetics
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
- ex. effect on personality
Environment
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

22. Genetic Research Predicting individual differences
To determine the effects of heredity, behavior geneticists rely on family studies- assess heredity influence of blood relatives on specific traits
Twin studies
Adoption studies
Heritability: of any trait, the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes

23. Behavior Genetics Identical Twins (monozygotic)
Fraternal
Same
sex only
Same or
opposite sex
Identical Twins (monozygotic)
develop from a single fertilized egg (by 1 sperm) that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal Twins (dizygotic)
develop from separate eggs with a separate sperm
genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment

24. Twin Studies
13,000 pairs of Swedish twins, 7000 Finnish twin pairs, 3810 Australian twin pairs
Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins on both extroversion & neuroticism
Battery of questionnaires to 850 U.S. twins
Identical twins are more similar in abilities, personality traits, & interests.
Reported being treated alike
Environmental influences on personality traits are
most clearly shown by studying identical twins
who are raised together and those raised apart

25. Separated Twins
The Jim Twins
Similar in:
brain waves
voice intonation
interests
heart rate
personality
intelligence
Gerald Levey and Mark Newman separated at birth, reunited at age 38
Both volunteer firefighters

26. Adoption Studies
People who grow up together, whether biologically related or not, do not much resemble one another in personality.
Adoptees’ traits bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their care-giving adoptive parents

27. Temperament Studies
Temperament: a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Traits such as
emotional excitability – whether the baby is intense, reactive, fidgety, easy going, or quiet
*****tend to remain steady in later years

28. Temperament Studies Thomas & Chess- longitudinal studies Easy: 40%
Slow-to-warm-up: 15%
Difficult: 10%
Remaining 35% were a mixture of the 3
Child’s temperament at 3 months was a fair predictor of temperament at 10 years old

29. Temperament Studies Kagan & Colleagues Inhibited: 15-20%
Uninhibited: 25-30%

30. Behavior Genetics Interaction
the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)
More like nature via nurture
Epigenetics- heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve modifications to the DNA sequence (based on the environment imposing)
Molecular Genetics
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Genetic mapping

31. Gene-Environment Interaction
“Heredity deals the cards; environment plays the hand.”
Psychologist Charles L. Brewer (1990)

32. Genes? You decide!
This man celebrated his 113th birthday telling reporters at his home in southern Japan about his joyful life and healthy appetite.
Holds the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest living male. He eats mostly vegetables and believes the key to longevity is not drinking alcohol.
He lives with his son, drinks milk every day and has no major illnesses,
The Japanese are among the world's longest-lived people, with the number of those aged 100 or older at a record 36,276, shown from a government report ( 2008).
Japanese women have topped the world's longevity ranks for 23 years, while men rank third after Iceland and Hong Kong.

33. Environmental Influence
Prenatal Environment
Experience and Brain Development
Peer Influence
Culture
Gender

34. Prenatal Care Diet The father’s involvement Age of mother
Illness of mother
Drug use
Alcohol
Teratogens

35. Mutation
A random error in gene replication that leads to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity.
May happen as a result of teratogens, which are substances that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

36. Experiences and Brain Development
Rosenzweig and Krech’s experiment on rats:
Those living in the enriched environment developed a thicker and heavier brain cortex, and thus more brain cells.
Experience preserves our activated connections

37. Environmental Influence
Experience affects brain development
Impoverished
environment
Rat brain
cell
Enriched

38. Environmental Influence
A trained brain

39. Environmental Influences: Parents and Peers are Complementary Howard Gardner (1998)
“Parents are more important when it comes to education, discipline, responsibility, orderliness. Charitableness, and ways of interacting with authority figures.

40. Environmental Influences: Peers
Peers are more important for learning cooperation, for finding the road to popularity, for inventing styles of interaction among people of the same age.
Youngsters may find their peers more interesting, but they will look to their parents when contemplating their own futures.”

41. What Is the Role of Parenting?
1- Do parents really produce future adults with a wounded child within by being irresponsible?
2- Should we blame our parents for our failings?
3- Should we shame the parents of troubled children?
4- Should parents be given less credit for children who turn out great?
5- What is the role of parents?

42. Environmental Influence: Culture
Cultural Universals
Variation Across Cultures
Variation Over Time
Cultural Relativism
Culture and Child Rearing
- When to potty train
- Walking/talking
- Customs regarding family
-adolescence

43. Environmental Influence: Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Mores: official rules of behavior sanctioned by law.
Taboos: unthinkable acts

44. VARIATION ACROSS CULTURES
Raising children
Burying the dead
Clothing styles
Use of eating utensils
Personal space

45. CULTURE AND CHILD-REARING
Western cultures: individualism, independence, true to self, marry for love: evidenced by strollers, playpens, car seats, baby sitters
Asian and African cultures: communal, emotional closeness, children don’t have their own bedrooms, not sent to daycare, stronger sense of family self; what shames/honors family brings same to self: spend day with close personal contact; on mother’s back

46. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
In order for behavior to be understood, it must be judged within the context in which it occurs;
Sporting events
Rock concerts
Self-defense
War
Religious practices

47. Environmental Influence
Personal Space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies; 0-12 inches: personal, 12/18 inches-3ft: social, 3-6 feet: public
Memes
self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person

48. VARIATION OVER TIME
Since 1960, most western cultures have changed with remarkable speed.
Positive changes
The middle class fly on airplanes
instead of snail-mail
Air-conditioning for poor and middle class
On-line shopping
Cell phones
Double personal income
Eating out 2.5 more times than your parents did

49. Negative changes since the 60’s
Doubled divorce rate
Teen suicide tripled
Quadrupled juvenile violent crime
Quintupled prison population
Highest depression rate in the world and rising
More hours at work/ less hours at home
Fewer hours sleeping
Less time for friends
Similar cultural changes for Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

50. What causes change over time?
Events can affect fashion short/long skirts
Inventions: microwave ovens
Memes self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person
Like genes, memes compete to get copied
not into our cells but into our memories
Memes can be
True or positive:
arithmetic, Bach’s music
Neutral: new pronunciations
False: myths, derogatory phrases

51. Culture’s Impact
A unified culture is like bicycling with the wind. You hardly notice it’s there.
When we try riding against the wind; we feel it’s force!

53. The Nature and Nurture of Gender ch. 11 p.465-469
in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones
both males and females have it
additional testosterone in males stimulates
growth of male sex organs in the fetus
development of male sex characteristics during puberty
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position
defining how those in the position ought to behave

54. In early intrauterine development male and female external genitalia (visible sex organs) are identical.

55. Under the influence of the androgen dihydrotestosterone, the external genitalia develop in the male direction. In the absence of androgens female external genitalia develop.

57. Sometimes female embryos are exposed to abnormally high levels of androgen before birth. A small number of genetic females are born with ambiguous external genitalia. The most common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). 

58. Cortisol is released into the blood stream from the adrenal gland, a small organ near the kidney.
a metabolic error causes overproduction of androgens (e.g. testosterone) in the adrenal gland. This androgen leads to partial masculinization of the external genitalia
Girls with classical CAH are born with masculine-appearing external genitals but with female internal sex organs.

59. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Social Learning Theory
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Gender Schema Theory
theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

60. The Nature and Nurture of Gender p.465-469
Gender Role
a set of expected behaviors for males and females
Ex. Boys not crying
Gender Identity
one’s sense of being male or female
Gender-typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

61. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Two theories of gender typing

62. All Hands on Deck
Do men and women differ in their communication experiences?
Who talks the most?
Who interrupts?
What about gender patterns in formal group meetings?
What about gender patterns in informal group meetings?
Are gender differences in communication patterns related to power?

63. Who talks the most?
In mixed-gender groups,at public gatherings, and in many informal conversations, men spend more time talking than do women.
Who interrupts?
Men are more likely than women to interrupt
A study of faculty meetings : women are more likely than men to be interrupted.
Women, when they interrupt, are more likely to interrupt other women than they are to interrupt men, according to two studies.
Women do not resist interruptions as much as men do

64. What about gender patterns in formal group meetings?
In meetings, men gain the "floor" more often & keep the floor for longer periods of time…regardless of their status in the organization.
What are the gender patterns in informal group meetings?
In informal, collaborative meetings, women display a fuller range of language ability.

65. What are some of the ways women are affected by these patterns?
Women are less likely to have confidence in their ability to make persuasive arguments.
Some women add to their own passive participation -- by allowing interruptions
Some women, when they do gain the "floor," talk too fast as though they know they are about to be interrupted.

66. Are gender differences in communication patterns related to power?
When people are strangers, they expect less competence from women than from men.
Studies have found that talking time is related both to gender (because men spend more time talking than women) and to organizational power (because the more powerful spend more time talking than the less powerful).

67. BODY LANGUAGE
Men take up more physical space when sitting or standing, with arms and legs stretched out away from their body
Women take up less physical space, sitting with arms and legs toward their body
Men gesture away from the body
Women gesture toward the body
Men assume more reclined positions when sitting and lean backward when listening
Women assume more forward positions when sitting and lean forward when listening
Men not as sensitive to the communication cues of others
Women have greater sensitivity and acuity toward other people's nonverbal communication cues (picture of boss)
Men tend to approach women more closely in terms of their personal space
Women do not approach men as closely in terms of their personal space

68. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Men: cock their head to the side and look at the other person from an angle when listening
Women: look at the other person directly facing them with their head and eyes facing forward when listening
Men provide fewer facial expressions in feedback and fewer reactions
Women provide more facial expressions and more reactions
Men display frowning and squinting when listening
Women display smiling and head-nodding when listening
Men stare more in negative interaction
Women lower their eyes more to avert gaze in negative interaction

69. GENDER DIFFERENCES An English professor wrote the words:
MEN, WOMEN, AND PUNCTUATION
An English professor wrote the words:
"Woman without her man is nothing" on the blackboard and directed the students to punctuate it correctly.
The men wrote: "Woman, without her man, is nothing."
The women wrote: "Woman! Without her, man is nothing."

70. UNDERSTANDING WOMEN (A MAN'S PERSPECTIVE) I know I'm not going to understand women.
I'll never understand how you can take boiling hot wax, pour it onto your upper thigh, rip the hair out by the root, and still be afraid of a spider.

71. Cognitive & Personality/Social

72. The Nature and Nurture of Gender p. 466-469
Biological Origins
Evolutionary Explanations
Hormones
Brain Organization
Environmental Origins
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Socialization

73. Practice Test
Jenny has brown hair and blue eyes and is 5’8” tall. What is being described is Jenny?
Genotype
Phenotype
Somatotype
Physique
p. 126

74. Practice Test
2. Adopted children’s similarity to their biological parents is generally attributed to__________; adopted children’s similarity to their adoptive parents is generally attributed to __________.
heredity; the environment
The environment; heredity
The environment; the environment
Heredity; heredity

75. Practice Test
3. In evolutionary theory, _______ refers to the reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population.
Natural selection
Gene flow
Adaptation
fitness

76. Practice Test
4. For which of the following assertions is the empirical evidence strongest?
The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to handle different types of cognitive tasks.
People have a separate stream of consciousness in each hemisphere
Each hemisphere has its own cognitive style
Some people are right-brained, while others are
left-brained

77. Practice Test
5. Males have been found to differ slightly form females in three well-documented areas of mental abilities. Which of the following is not one of these?
Verbal ability
Mathematical ability
Intelligence
Visual-spatial abilities

78. Practice Test
6. Although the data are inconsistent, some research suggests that males exhibit________
than females and that females have a ___________ than males.
Less cerebral specialization; smaller corpus callosum
Less cerebral specialization; larger corpus callosum
More cerebral specialization; smaller corpus callosum
More cerebral specialization; larger corpus callosum

79. 1. A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist’s definition of: (a) habit (b) instinct (c) adaptation (d) altruism (e) releasing merchandise 2. The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called: (a) Habituation (b) Accommodation (c) Natural selection (d) Eugenics (e) Species assimilation

80. 3. One's personal, private sense of maleness or femaleness is known as
A. genital identification.
B. sexual scripting.
C. gender identity.
D. sex role perception.
 4. The observable traits, mannerisms, interests, and behaviors defined by one's culture as "male" or "female" are one's
A. gender identity.
B. gender role.
C. genetic sex.
D. biological bias.

81. 5. The favored pattern of behavior expected of each sex is called A
5.The favored pattern of behavior expected of each sex is called A. gender identity. B. sexual identity. C. gender role. D. biological sex. 6. Sperm is to cell as DNA is to: a. nucleotide b. gene c. chromosome d. molecule

82. 7. Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity. a
7. Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity? a. Cloning b. gender schemas c. mutations d. memes 8. Men judge women as especially attractive if they appear______and women judge men as especially attractive if they appear______. a. mature; mature b. youthful; youthful c. mature; youthful d. youthful; mature

83. 9. The study of the relative power of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as: a. molecular genetics b. evolutionary psychology c. behavior genetics d. human cloning 10. An infant’s temperament refers most directly to its: a. ability to learn b. physical attractiveness c. temperament d. physical health