1. Foreign Policy, North Carolina Economics
Unit 7
Foreign Policy, North Carolina Economics

2. Chapter 24 American Foreign Policy
Section 1: What is foreign policy?
Plans related to other nations.
Outlines goals the U.S. hopes to meet in its relations with other countries.

3. Foreign Policy Goals National Security Stop Terrorism
- The ability to keep a nation safe from harm; Mainly focuses on the threat of war and working to avoid war.
Stop Terrorism
- Safeguarding the U.S. and American interest overseas

4. Foreign Policy Goals 3. World Peace
- Countries working together to prevent war.
4. Trade
- Increasing markets for American goods and services, earning profits for our businesses.
5. Human Rights & Democracy
- Encouraging all countries to respect the human rights of freedom, justice, and equality.

5. Tools of Foreign Policy
Defense
- Deterrence: Keeping a strong defense to discourage aggression by others
Alliances
Military, political, and economics alliances
OAS – Organization of American States
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OECD – Organization of Economic Development
Diplomacy
Relations and communications carried out between countries.
Used to accomplish certain complex tasks

6. NATO Member Countries

7. Tools of Foreign Policy
4. Foreign Aid
- A program of giving military or economic help to countries.
- Can support American policy goals by strengthening governments and political groups that are friendly with the U.S.
5. Trade Measures
- Goals – to get countries to buy American goods and to get our trade partners to support our foreign policy goals.
- Quota: States how much foreign product can be sold in the U.S.
- Tariff: A tax on foreign product sold in the U.S.
- Sanctions: Measures to stop or limit trade with another nation in order to change its behavior
6. Intelligence
- CIA: focuses mostly on countries it thinks might be unfriendly and tries to learn what the governments of these countries intend to do.
- DHS: analyzes terrorism-related reports from the CIA
- FBI, NSA, etc.

8. Section 2: Making Foreign Policy
Executive Branch
President: Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, Chief Diplomat
Sets defense policies, meets with leaders of other countries, makes treaties and executive agreements, appoints ambassadors
Department of the State – 16,000 officials
Advises the President on Foreign Policy
Secretary of State
Represents the U.S. at meetings

9. National Security Council
Department of Defense
Advises the President on which weapons to make and where to place military bases and troops
National Security Council
Advises the President on the country’s safety.

10. Role of Congress Senate: Congress: Approve and reject treaties
Approve President’s choices for diplomatic corps
Congress:
Declare war

11. Role of Private Groups Businesses Labor Groups Political Groups
Have a direct interest if they trade with other nations
Labor Groups
Aim to protect American jobs
Political Groups
Individual Citizens
Being better informed helps citizens make better decisions regarding foreign policy

12. Section 3 Foreign Policy in Action
Early Years the US practiced isolationism
Limits our relations with other countries as much as possible
Neutrality- not taking sides in wars between other countries

13. Monroe Doctrine December 1823- President James Monroe
When nations attempted to colonize any lands in North or South America the US would view it as an act of aggression and require US retaliation (Told European Nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere)

14. World War I
The US at first was neutral but eventually declared war against Germany and joined the Allies

15. WWII The End of Isolationism
After WWII the US was the richest and most powerful country in the world and should play a role in keeping world peace

16. The Cold War
Soviet Union took control of several Eastern European Countries
Containment- using military power and money to prevent the spread of communism
Began with economic aid but led to military aid
Examples (Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War, Vietnam War)

17. Cold War Cooperation
During the 1970s there was a period of détente where tensions eased between the US and Soviet Union
The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union in transitioned to a democracy and market economy

18. Eastern Europe
The US helped Eastern European countries establish democratic and market economies
The Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary were all invited to join NATO in 1999

19. Relations with China
Trade with China has increased although their treatment of citizens has outraged Americans
Tiananmen Square Massacre

20. Today’s Challenges Economic Challenges Middle Eastern Oil Nations
Unbalanced US trade with Japan and China
They buy far less of our goods than we buy of theirs
Middle Eastern Oil Nations
Foreign Policy in the Middle East will continue to be impacted by Oil
Latin America
Most have weak democratic governments

21. Today’s challenges Eastern Europe Africa
Standard of living is low, civil wars like those in Bosnia and Serbia, and 3 former Soviet States still have nuclear weapons
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus
Africa
Contain some of the poorest nations in the world, political instability, civil wars, and disease.

22. Chapter 25 One Nation Among Many

23. Section 1: The Nations of the World
What is a nation?
A nation is a group of people who share a language, a history, and an identity.
Characteristics:
Sovereignty: The power to make and carry out laws within a nation’s borders.
Duty: to protect the interests of the nation as a whole

24. Economic Development The Developed World The Developing World
Heavily industrialized; High standard of living; The poor are a minority of the population
The Developing World
Most people are poor; Many are hungry; It is hard for them to get education; Some nations do not have enough jobs for those who need work
The Results of Having Been Colonies
Most developing nations were once colonies; Their resources were use to improve the wealth of colonial powers instead of improving life in the colony

25. Section 2 Relations Among and Within Nations
Causes of Conflict:
Conflict over beliefs and values
Territorial and environmental conflict
Racial and ethnic conflict
Conflict over political power

26. Cooperation among Nations
Trade
Regional trade organizations have been formed to break down barriers.
EU, ASEAN, OAS, OAU, NAFTA,
Providing Aid
Humanitarian relief efforts
Aid used during emergencies
Promoting Peace
Balance of Power: the threat that one superpower’s military strength might be used against another’s

27. Section 3: The Challenge of Interdependence
The United Nations member nations
Security Council
Has the power to take action to keep the peace and help settle conflicts that break out
General Assembly
Each member nation has a vote
Can make resolutions and recommendations that can lead to international agreements
Secretariat
The UN Bureaucracy (Structure of departments)
Translate documents, prepare reports, provide services at the UN councils and agencies
25,000 workers at the UN offices in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi, Rome, and The Hague (Netherlands)

28. The United Nations Economic and Social Council
Works to improve standards of living
UNESCO (Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)
Supports education, science, art, culture, and communications
International Court of Justice
15 judges from 15 countries
Only 62 countries have agreed to accept the courts rulings
The US does not accept all the Court’s decisions as binding.
Trusteeship Council
Suspended operation in 1994 when the last remaining trust territory gained independence.
Trust territories were created after WWII to help govern the territories until they could become independent nations

29. Nongovernmental Organizations
Some protect political and economic rights
The Red Cross helps victims of war and natural disasters
Private groups
Doctors Without Borders provides medical care to war and disaster victims worldwide

30. Impact of Organizations
Countries are most willing to work together when it does not mean giving up power.
Countries tend to cooperate best in smaller, regional organizations
These members usually have more in common