1. Classification: A way to organize the diversity of life.
Carolus Linnaeus
binomial nomenclature system
Scientific names: Genus species
In Latin
Binomial nomenclature (bi- = 2; nomial= name)
Italics; first word capitalized, second word lowercase

2. 8 Taxonomic Categories Domain Dear Kingdom King Phylum Philip
Class Came
Order Over
Family For
Genus Great
Species Spaghetti

3. Human Classification Domain- Eukarya Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- sapiens
Scientific name- Homo sapiens
Each organism has a unique scientific name, which includes the genus and species categories.

4. Problems with Traditional Classification
Morphology (physical characteristics) isn’t always an accurate reflection of evolutionary relationships
Example-
Dolphins “look” like fish, so they were classified as such for a long time.
Dolphins are not fish, however. They are mammals, more closely related to whales, cows, pigs, and hippos than to fish.

5. Evolutionary Classification
No longer based solely on physical characteristics
Categories better reflect evolutionary relationships
DNA/RNA- mutations (molecular clocks)
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM

6. Three Domain System Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea
Domain is the most inclusive category (above Kingdoms)
Domain Eukarya
Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria

7. Textbook, page 459 Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eubacteria
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaeba cteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
CELL TYPE
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
CELL STRUCTURE
Cell walls with peptido- glycan
Cell walls w/o peptido- glycan
Cell walls in some, some w/ chloroplasts
Cell walls of chitin
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
No cell walls or chloroplasts
# OF CELLS
Unicellular
Most multi-cellular
Multi-cellular
MODE OF NUTRITION
Auto- or hetero-troph
Hetero- troph
Autotroph
EXAMPLES
Strepto- coccus
halophiles
Amoeba, Paramecia
Mushrooms, yeast
Flowering plants
Sponges, worms, mammals

8. How did complex cells evolve
How did complex cells evolve? The Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 17-12, page 427
Plants and plantlike protists
Chloroplast
Aerobic bacteria
Ancient Prokaryotes
Photosynthetic bacteria
Nuclear envelope evolving
Mitochondrion
Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote
Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists
Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote
Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote

9. The Evolution of Photosynthesis
The Endosymbiotic Theory
Chloroplast
How did the presence of photosynthetic bacteria, and eventually plants, affect the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis led to increased atmospheric oxygen levels
Biological importance: evolution of cellular respiration
Geological importance: caused rust to form for the first time
Figure 17-12

10. Origin of Respiration The Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 17-12, page 427
How did this increase in atmospheric oxygen affect metabolism?
More atmospheric oxygen allowed mitochondria to become an essential component of cells.
18 times more ATP produced with aerobic respiration, which made aerobic cells more energetically competitive in an oxygen-rich environment
Mitochondria