1. Option A – Diet and Human Nutrition
A.1.1= Define nutrient A nutrient is a substance needed in the diet of an organism. Examples include proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
A.1.2= List the essential nutrients of a human diet including amino acids, fattty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water.
Basically, the diet is macronutrients and micronutrients, plus water.
Macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. (Needed in bulk.)
Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals. (Needed in small quantities.)

2. EXTRA = Functions of the constituents of diet
Carbohydrates –starches and sugars, sources of energy
Proteins – used for growth and repair of damaged tissue
Lipids –fats and oils are energy sources and used for long term storage.
Minerals –Inorganic elements and compounds such as iron and calcium
Vitamins –Organic, needed in small amounts. Usually as coenzymes (molecules that get added to enzymes to make them work.)
Water -65% of the body is water. No water? Dead in days. No food? Dead in months…
Fibre –indigestible compounds usually from plant cell walls.

3. A1.4=Consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition
A1.3=Non-essential amino acids synthesized in body from other nutrients
About ½ of the 20 amino acids used in the body are non-essential. This means they are converted by other nutrients in the human diet.
A1.4=Consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition
Lack of blood plasma proteins leading to tissue fluid retention..ie. Abdomen swelling

4. A1.5=Causes/consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU). Special diet helps
Enzyme is not produced which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.
Too much phenylalanine causes mental retardation and seizures.
Beware of foods with high phenylalanine= dairy, meats, high starch, and diet foods.
Diets with protein supplements including tyrosine help deter health issues

5. A1.6=Fatty acid review!
Fatty acid = carboxyl group (COOH) and hydrocarbon chain.
Saturated =all carbons are bonded to hydrogens
Unsaturated = one or more double bonds so open carbons.
Mono = only one double bond
Poly = two or more double bonds
Cis = H bonded to C on same side
Trans = H bonded to C on opposite side

6. A1.7=Health consequences of diets rich in different types of fatty acid
Saturated fatty acids – Positive correlation b/t diets with high SFA and CHD mortality.
Cis-monounsaturated FAs – CHD rates low for mediterranean diet (rich in olive oil).
Omega-3 FAs – Eye and brain tissue synthesized from these. This diet could improve eye and brain development.
Trans FAs – High levels cause arterial plaque. Raise LDL and reduce HDL, associated with increased CHD.

7. LDL cholesterol
Bad for you because it collects in your arteries and makes atherosclerosis

8. HDL cholesterol
High density lipo-protein
Good cholesterol

9. A1.8=Minerals and vitamins
Minerals are in ionic form. ie. Sodium=Na+ ions
Vitamins are organic compounds. These cannot be synthesized by the body.

10. Test yourself: Category? Food Bran fiber
Biotin –found in egg yolks, helps enzymes make other amino acids
vitamin
Chicken
Protein
Magnesium –needed in bones and teeth
Mineral
Potato
Carbohydrate

11. A1.9-10=Vitamin C intake & prevention of scurvy/rebound malnutrition
Guinea pigs were used to determine levels necessary for tissue health.
Humans tested in WW2 found that higher levels didn’t prevent disease but having no vitamin C intake lead to scurvy and respiratory infections.
Rebound malnutrition is when body can’t adjust from high to low levels of vitamin C intake resulting in scurvy.
Daily intake = 50mg

12. Scurvy –keeps cells together in tissues (namely the tissues of the blood vessels.)
Caused by a lack of ascorbic acid
Vitamin C
Found in fruits (citric especially) and vegetables.

13. Too much ascorbic acid?
Sunshine yellow pee
Nausea, diarrhea

14. Rickets A1.11,12
Lacking in Calciferol –Vitamin D (this helps the body deposit calcium into bones)
Found in fortified milk, codliver oil, and skin’s exposure to sunlight.
Lacking in Calcium –because calcium hardens bones and teeth.
Found in milk and milk products
Without these, people get rickets (poor bone formation) or Osteomalacia (frequent bone fractures and bone pain.)

15. Goitre or Goiter
A.1.13
Lacking iodine so the body cannot make thyroxine –a hormone made by the thyroid gland and used for metabolism… individuals tend to be overweight with this condition.
Found in iodized salt and seafood

16. Hypothyroidism Thyroid produces too little thyroxine Weight gain
Lethargy
Fatigue
Depression
irritability

17. hyperthyroidism Too much thyroxin (hormone made by the thyroid.)
Swollen right eye
Told to look up, but her left eye is ‘stuck’
Eyes swelling and showing the distress

18. A.1.14=Fiber-important for balanced diet
Made up of cellulose (plant cell wall)
Can’t be digested by humans
Increase bulk of waste product in large intestine
Prevents constipation
Help prevent obesity reducing desire to eat
Slow rate of sugar absorption, lower potential for diabetes

19. Night Blindness –tunnel vision or lights that stay in the visual field (like after a flashbulb…)
Retinitis Pigmentosa VS. Macular degeneration
Caused by lack of Retinol
(Vitamin A)
Rod cells of the eye don’t work without Retinol
Vitamin A is found in liver, carrots

20. Retin A is retinol!!!
Repairs skin and promotes the growth of elastin. Rumor is that BBT’s skin turned orange on the carrot diet.

21. Toxicity of Retinol?
Possible because Retinol (vitamin A) is fat soluble –you don’t pee it out!
Liver failure (mainly in alcoholics)
Kidney failure if the liver goes…

22. Vitamin E Tocopherol Helps in reproduction
Antioxidant –if you have ions running amok in your body, Vitamin E can neutralize them. Reduces the effects of aging
Maintains red blood cells. Without it you get anemia (see next slide)
Some people put vitamin E on acne and claim that it makes it go away sooner.

23. Anemia –shortage of erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Anemia –shortage of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Symptoms: tired, confused, short of breath, headache… You need RBC’s to get Oxygen around!
Tongue is pale Anemia -look at RBC fragments normal smear
Caused by lack of cyanocobalamin -B12 (because this makes RBC’s) found in beef, liver, milk.
Caused by lack of tocopherol –Vitamin E (because this protects RBC’s from oxidation) found in green leaves, vegetable/nut oil.
Caused by lack of Iron (because this is a part of hemoglobin.) red meat, raisins and spinach

24. Toxicity of tocopherol, or cyanocobalamin, or Iron
Vitamin E and B12 probably none… in a very few, weakness and diarrhea or small hemorrhage (bruise easily).
Too much iron? Bad liver and bad other stuff because iron is very reactive… it gets to take electrons from stuff…

25. Potassium Deficiency can lead to cramping, weakness or death
Used in muscle and nerve activity as well as acid/base balance.
Found in meat, milk and fruit (especially bananas.)
Deficiency can lead to cramping, weakness or death
Note: Lack of potassium is mostly due to diarrhea and or lots of vomiting.

26. Potassium toxicity? Take potassium salts (not a good idea…)?
Too much can give you an irregular heart beat or even a heart attack.

27. Neural Tube defects like spina bifida –spine doesn’t close around the spinal cord
Caused by a lack of folic acid (folate)
Called vitamin M (but not really the common name).
Found in fish and green vegetables

28. Biotin A coenzyme (makes enzymes work)
Used to synthesize fatty acids, glycogen, and amino acids
Found in egg yolks, meat
Deficiency: scaly, inflamed skin, depression

29. Overall:
These are fat soluble and the body cannot get rid of easily (pee out…)
ADEK
These are water soluble and the body cannot save (excess gets peed out…)
C and the B vitamins.

30. Fun facts to know and tell
Not enough folic acid? You get birth defects.
Not enough vitamin D? You get rickets
Funny thing about sunlight… too much and it breaks down folic acid. Too little, and it prevents vitamin D from getting made.
One theory of evolution and skin color: the amount of pigment is comparable to the amount of sunlight in the area… races that originated near the equator have the most pigment. North and south have varying degrees in order to balance the need for vitamin D creation and folic acid saving… This theory makes sense because the amount of pigment in the skin can prevent births or prevent some children from reaching child-bearing age.

31. Common Name
Scientific name
Found in:
Deficiency symptoms?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Vitamin B12
omit
Folic Acid
Omit
Calcium
Iron

32. Activity
Make 4 diet plans for one day using the guidelines of the food pyramid:
Diet
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
Snack
American fast food
Vegan
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
Pesco-
vegetarian