2. Chapter 23 Pregnancy Prevention
Lesson 23.1 Family Planning and the Role of Abstinence Lesson 23.2 Condoms and Other Barrier Methods Lesson 23.3 Hormonal Methods, IUDs, and Emergency Contraception Lesson 23.4 Natural Methods and Sterilization

3. Family Planning and the Role of Abstinence
Lesson 23.1
Family Planning and the Role of Abstinence

4. Warm-Up
What do you already know about pregnancy prevention? Make a list of pregnancy prevention methods that you already know about. Add to your list as you learn about more methods in this chapter.
Maridav/iStock/thinkstock.com

5. Family Planning
The process of making choices about having children, including number of children and number of years between them
More people are choosing to remain childless or to postpone parenthood
Family planning allows people to wait until they are financially secure and ready to have children
Monkey Business Images/shutterstock.com

6. Birth Control Methods Also called contraception
Each couple must choose the method that is best for them
People can consult a healthcare professional if they have questions
Some choose abstinence instead of other birth control methods
Photographee.eu/shutterstock.com

7. Myth or Fact? Are the following statements myths or facts?
A woman cannot become pregnant the first time she has sex.
MYTH
Fact: If a woman has unprotected sex or uses a form of birth control that is not 100% effective, she can become pregnant any time she has sex, including her first time.
A woman cannot become pregnant during her period.
Fact: Although it is unlikely, it is possible for a woman to become pregnant during her period.
Girls younger than 18 years of age cannot become pregnant.
Fact: Girls younger than 18 years of age can and do become pregnant.

8. Abstinence
The decision to and practice of not engaging in sexual activity
The only pregnancy prevention method that is 100% effective
Prevents pregnancy as well as STIs and HIV/AIDS
Allows time for other parts of life
Syda Productions/shutterstock.com

9. What are some reasons for teenagers to reduce their risk of pregnancy?
Physical health risks for the mother
Physical health risks for the child
Financial burden
Disrupted education
Economic consequences
Social and emotional health risks

10. Birth Control Methods
Factors to consider when selecting a birth control method
The ultimate goal (pregnancy prevention, STI and HIV/AIDS prevention)
Cost and availability
Reversible versus permanent
Ease of use
bokan/shutterstock.com

11. Condoms and Other Barrier Methods
Lesson 23.2
Condoms and Other Barrier Methods

12. Barrier Methods
These methods physically block fertilization by preventing sperm from reaching the ovum
Some protect users from STIs and HIV/AIDS and others do not
No barrier method is 100% effective in preventing STIs
Men and women say that some barrier methods work well for them, but find others to be less “user friendly”

13. Condoms Male condoms are worn on the penis during sexual intercourse
Female condoms are similar to a pouch, which is inserted into a woman’s vagina
Some condoms include spermicide, a substance that inactivates sperm
kaarsten/shutterstock.com

14. Condoms do not have an expiration date.
Myth or Fact?
Condoms do not have an expiration date.
MYTH
Fact: Condoms can become dry, brittle, and ineffective over time. The expiration date should always be checked, and expired condoms should be discarded.
Male condoms can be reused.
Fact: Condoms should never be reused. Always use a new condom for each erection.

15. Contraceptive Sponge
A barrier method that blocks sperm from entering the uterus
A plastic foam sponge about two inches in diameter
Inserted into a woman’s vagina and positioned to cover her cervix
Does not prevent STIs or HIV/AIDS
Garo/Phanie/Science Source

16. Diaphragm and Cervical Cap
Flexible, cup-shaped disk that covers the cervix
Requires a doctor’s exam and prescription
Cervical cap
Flexible cup that covers a woman’s cervix
Lalocracio/iStock.com
Gary Parker/Science Source

17. Hormonal Methods, IUDs, and Emergency Contraception
Lesson 23.3
Hormonal Methods, IUDs, and Emergency Contraception

18. The Birth Control Pill Also known as oral contraceptives
Contain hormones that reduce the likelihood of pregnancy
The pill prevents ovulation, which means there is no ovum for sperm to fertilize
A doctor’s exam is required to use the birth control pill
Two types: combination pill and progesterone-only pill
Research about male contraception is ongoing
Jacob Kearns/shutterstock.com

19. Birth Control Patch
A thin 2- to 3-inch plastic patch applied to the skin like a bandage
Contains the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus to slow sperm’s movement to the uterus
A new patch is worn each week for 3 weeks; no patch is worn during the 4th week
Image Point Fr/shutterstock.com

20. Critical Thinking
How do the vaginal ring, birth control shot, and birth control implant prevent pregnancy? All three of these birth control methods release hormones that inhibit ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy.

21. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
A small, T-shaped device that contains hormones
Inserted into the uterus by a doctor
Paraguard
Thought to interfere with sperm movement, fertilization, and implantation
Mirena
Inhibits ovulation
Image Point Fr/shutterstock.com

22. Emergency Contraception
Contraceptive method that can be used to prevent pregnancy if other birth control fails or has been used incorrectly
Plan B
Pill that contains female hormones to prevent ovulation
Available at drugstores with a prescription
Jovan Mandic/shutterstock.com

23. Natural Methods and Sterilization
Lesson 23.4
Natural Methods and Sterilization

24. Fertility Awareness Method
A natural birth control method in which couples plan sexual intercourse for times when a woman is least fertile and avoid sexual intercourse during times of high fertility
Different types
Temperature method
Cervical mucus method
Calendar method
wavebreakmedia/shutterstock.com

25. The Cycle of Fertility
The menstrual cycle ranges from 21 to 40 days, with an average of 28 days
Generally, sexual intercourse on only 7 of those days can result in fertilization and pregnancy
A woman needs to determine when she ovulates
to use any of the fertility awareness methods

26. Critical Thinking
How can a woman use her body temperature as a way of being aware of her fertility?
A woman’s body temperature rises slightly after ovulation and stays higher than normal for most of the remainder of that menstrual cycle. By determining when her body temperature rises, a woman can determine when she ovulates, and plan sexual intercourse accordingly.
What is the least reliable natural method of birth control?
Withdrawal; it is difficult to time correctly and requires self-control. Withdrawal results in many pregnancies and does not protect from STIs.

27. Sterilization
A surgical contraceptive method in which a person is rendered permanently unable to conceive children
The only permanent birth control method
This option must be considered carefully because this surgery can’t always be reversed
Jack Frog/shutterstock.com

28. Which couples would be best suited to sterilization?
Adults who know they do not want to have children
Adults who find other birth control methods unacceptable for various reasons
Adults who have a hereditary illness they do not wish to pass on
Adults who feel they are emotionally or financially unable to start a family
Which couples should not choose sterilization?
Adults who might want children
Adults who are being pressured
Adults reacting to other personal problems

29. When Contraception Fails
If contraception fails and a woman decides to end the pregnancy, she can get an abortion
An abortion is a surgical procedure that ends a pregnancy that has already begun; it is not a pregnancy prevention method
This decision should be made only after careful consideration
Alex Raths/iStock/thinkstock.com