1. PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology
Chapter 8 MEMORY
PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2. Wouldn’t repressed or false memories be less vivid than real memories?

3. Wouldn’t repressed or false memories be less vivid?
No- research has shown that false memories are often recollected with more clarity and certainty than real memories

4. Wouldn’t it be different for a traumatic event and be more vivid?

5. No- research has shown that memories of real traumatic events in childhood fade over time. But, if an event is very traumatic it is more likely to become problematic due to inability to stop thinking about it. People often dwell on a traumatic event, not forget it (PTSD)

6. Does this mean that repression is all a myth?

7. Does this mean that repression is all a myth?
Not necessarily. The research is not conclusive, but suggests that repressed memories may not be as common as people may believe today (it seems to have gotten very hip today).

8. Problems with Memory Cont.
Can you tell which coin, (a) , (b) , (c) , or (d) is the accurate depiction of a US nickel?

9. How Memory Functions
Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function.

10. How Memory Functions Cont.
Automatic processing vs. Effortful processing
Semantic vs. Visual vs. Acoustic Encoding

11. How Memory Functions Cont.
Automatic processing vs. Effortful processing
Semantic vs. Visual vs. Acoustic Encoding

12. How Memory Functions Cont.
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.

13. How Memory Functions Cont.
Sensory Memory:
Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. It is very brief storage—up to a couple of seconds
The Stroop Effect
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

14. How Memory Functions Cont.
The Stroop effect describes why it is difficult for us to name a color when the word and the color of the word are different.

15. How Memory Functions Cont.
Short-term memory:
Lloyd and Margaret Peterson
(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

16. How Memory Functions Cont.
Long-term memory:
Storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time
Explicit- are those we consciously try to remember and recall
Implicit- are memories that are not part of our consciousness.
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

17. How Memory Functions Cont.
Types of long-term
memory:
procedural
declarative
episodic
semantic
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

18. How Memory Functions Cont.

19. How Memory Functions Cont.
Three means of retrieval:
recall method
recognition model
relearning model
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

20. Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory
The Amygdala
The Hippocampus
The Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex
Neurotransmitters

21. Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory
The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.

22. Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory
Stages of memory and the brain
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

23. Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory
Amnesia:
disorders of memory
retrograde amnesia:
extends back in time for a period of minutes or days
anterograde amnesia:
inability to store and retrieve new information in LTM
hippocampus damage
Korsakoff’s syndrome:
loss of vitamin thiamine due to alcoholism
confabulation
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

24. Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory

25. Problems with Memory
List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words
Read each word and then go to the next slide

26. which words on list 2 do you remember?
Problems with Memory Cont.
which words on list 2 do you remember?
List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school

27. Problems with Memory Cont.
Did you say that "book" was on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1.

28. Problems with Memory Cont.
The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information decays.

29. Problems with Memory Cont.
Shacter’s Seven Sings of Memory
Transience
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence

30. Problems with Memory Cont.
Sometimes forgetting is caused by a failure to retrieve information. This can be due to interference, either retroactive or proactive.

31. Ways to Enhance Memory
Elaborative Rehearsal
Chunking
Mnemonic Devices