1. Chapter Seven Immigrants and Urbanization

2. Chapters in Brief - Questions
1. Where did immigrants come from in the period from 1870 to 1920? 2. What problems arose in the growing cities?

3. Chapters in Brief - Answers
1. Where did immigrants come from in the period from 1870 to 1920? > millions of immigrants came from Europe, especially southern and eastern Europe > hundreds of thousands came from China and the Caribbean > many thousand came from Japan > about one million came from Mexico after What problems arose in the growing cities? > the growing cities were plagued by overcrowding, lack of transportation, poor water and sanitation, and the threat of fire and crime

4. Immigration Objective
Analyze the economic,
social, and political effects
of immigration

5. Chapters in Brief - Overview
The population rises as immigrants supply a willing workforce for urban industrialization.

6. Chapter Seven – Section One The New Immigrants

7. Chapters in Brief
Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the United States. Many of them came from eastern and southern Europe, which had not provided large numbers of immigrants before. Some, like Jews, fled religious persecution. Others escaped economic hardship. Some were leaving Europe full of ideas for reform and political freedom. About 300,000 Chinese immigrants came from 1851 to Thousands of immigrants came from Japan as well. From 1880 to 1920, about 260,000 immigrants came from the Caribbean. Many Mexicans also came to the United States. About a million immigrants came from 1910 to 1930 to escape political turmoil in Mexico.

8. Chapters in Brief
Most immigrants traveled by steamship, riding in steerage – the cargo holds below the ship’s waterline. Conditions were cramped, with little light or air, and unclean. Many people suffered from disease. Those who arrived in New York were processed at Ellis Island. The process, which took about five hours determined whether they could enter the country or had to return. Asian immigrants arriving on the West coast were processed at Angel Island near San Francisco. Conditions were more unpleasant than at Ellis Island, and the processing was stricter.

9. Chapters in Brief
Once in the United States, immigrants felt confused and worried by the new culture. Many settled in communities with other immigrants from the same country to feel more at home. They also formed organizations to help each other. While immigrants were arriving in great numbers, anti0immigration feelings spread among some Americans. During the depression of the 1870s, many workers feared they would lose their jobs to Chinese immigrants, who accepted low wages. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, banning all but a few Chinese immigrants. The ban was not lifted until The United States and Japan reached a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907 and 1908 under which Japan restricted migration to the United States.

10. Through the "Golden Door"
millions of immigrants entered the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century
Immigrants were lured by the promise of a better life
many immigrants sought to escape difficult conditions back home
(famine, land shortages, religious/political persecution)
other immigrants were “Birds of Passage,” which meant that they sought to immigrate temporarily in order to make money and then return home.
Immigration Numbers:
1860 to 1900: 14,000,000
1900 to 1915: 14,500,000

11. The New Immigrants - Who Are They?
European Immigrants
* before 1890 – Great Britain and Ireland
* after 1890 – Italy, Russia, Germany,
Austria-Hungary
* mainly left due to rising population in
homeland
* Jews left due to religious persecution
Asian Immigrants
* between 1851 and 1883, 200,000 Chinese
came to the US.
* many Chinese came to seek gold along
the West Coast
* they helped to build the Transcontinental
Railroad
* after the railroad was completed, many
Asian immigrants turned to farming,
mining, and domestic service.

12. The New Immigrants - Who Are They?
West Indies and Mexico
West Indies
* Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands
* people left because jobs were scarce and there seemed like opportunity for work in the United States
Mexico
* some Mexicans became U.S. residents without ever leaving home
* Annex of Texas 1845
* Treaty with Mexico 1848
* many Mexicans left to find work and flee political and social turmoil in Mexico.

13. Local Response
Many “native” Americans viewed these newcomers as a threat:
Fear of taking their jobs
Suspicious of immigrant culture and customs
In the late 1800s, people from other countries in the Americas could enter or leave the U.S. without passports whenever they wished. All they had to do was report name, place of birth, and destination to an immigrant officer. Mexicans and Canadians could simply walk across the borders.

14. Life in the New Land Journey
* in 1870 ,almost all immigrants traveled by steamship
Europe to the United States (Atlantic Ocean) - one week
Asia to the United States (Pacific Ocean) - nearly three weeks
* immigrants traveled in steerage (cheapest) and cargo holds
* disease and parasites quickly spread amongst them
* many immigrants died before arriving
* if one was sick when they arrived, they were usually refused admittance

15. Life in the New Land Ellis Island
* Europeans arrived at New York Harbor, which was in New York
City
* 20% were detained, 2% had to return home
* the immigration process took approximately five hours or
more
* Ellis Island was the main immigration station from 1892
to 1943
* more than 16,000,000 people passed through

16. Life in the New Land Ellis Island
* Europeans arrived at New York = 4 steps for admittance
* pass physical examination
(anyone with a serious disease was sent back home)
* report to a government inspector
(check documents and question to determine if they met legal
requirements for immigration)
* pass a literacy test in their native language
* pay $ 25.00

17. Life in the New Land Angel Island * Asians arrived in San Francisco
Bay, at Angel Island
* 1910–1940 = 50,000 Chinese
immigrants arrived
* immigrants faced harsh
questioning and long detention
* immigrants were housed in
filthy, ramshackle buildings
* Chinese immigrants were treated
like prisoners
(racist components)

18. Life in the New Land
culture shock is confusion and anxiety resulting from immersion in a culture whose ways of thinking and acting a person did not understand
immigrants faced three major problems once they were in the United States:
Thieves
Joblessness
Language barriers
culture shock and major problems are the reason that ethnic communities appeared

19. Life in the New Land Cooperation meant survival
* immigrant families pooled money for churches and
synagogues
* they formed social clubs
* they founded orphanages, old people’s home, and
established cemeteries
* immigrants tried to fit in as best that they could

20. Immigrant Restrictions
many “native” Americans saw America as a melting pot
Melting Pot: where different cultures and races who blend
together by abandoning their native
languages and customs
many immigrants refused to give up their culture identities
strong anti-immigrant feelings emerge
Quote that reflects the “melting pot” concept:
** “There is no room in this country for hyphenated
Americanism…The one absolutely certain way of bringing the
nation to ruin, of preventing all possibility of its continuing to
be a nation at all, would be to permit it to become a tangle of
squabbling personalities” **

21. Immigrant Restrictions
Nativism: overt favoritism toward native-born Americans
* this led to a rise in demand for anti-immigration restrictions
* Nativists did not mind immigration from the “right” countries-
Britain, Germany, Scandinavian
(“historically free, energetic, progressive”)
* they opposed immigrant from the “wrong” countries - Slavic,
Latin and Asiatic races
(“historically down-trodden… and stagnant”)

22. Immigrant Restrictions
Anti-Asian sentiment was negative for three reasons:
Asian Americans spoke “strange languages”
They had unfamiliar customs
Asian Americans had a different physical
appearance
The Chinese Exclusion Act banned entry to all Chinese immigrants for 10 years
(it excluded students, teachers, merchants,
tourists, and government officials)
* in 1882 Congress closed the doors to the Chinese
* the law was extended in 1892 for another 10 years
* in 1902 the law was extended indefinitely
* the law was not repealed until 1943

23. Immigrant Restrictions
the Gentlemen’s Agreement was an agreement by Japan’s government to agree to limit emigration to the U.S
(if you don’t send them, we won’t return them)

24. Answer in three complete sentences in your summary.
Essential Question
Which group of immigrants do you think faced the greatest challenges in the United States?
Justify your answer.
Answer in three complete sentences in your summary.

25. Chapter Seven – Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

26. Chapters in Brief
Most of the new immigrants moved to the nation’s cities to get working in the growing industrial economy. It was also cheaper and more convenient for them to live in cities. By 1910, immigrants made up more than half of the populations of 18 different cities. Many settled in neighborhoods with others from the same country – even from the same province. As city populations rose, overcrowding sometimes resulted. Another movement helped swell urban populations. As efficient machines increased farm production, they also cost farm jobs. As a result, many people moved from farms to cities. About 200,000 of these new urban dwellers were African Americans leaving the South for Northern cities. They hoped to escape racial violence but found prejudice and low wagers in their new homes as well.

27. Chapters in Brief
The growing cities had many problems. There were housing shortages, and many urban property owners converted single family homes in multifamily apartments. These solutions often placed people in crowded conditions, full of filth and disease. Growing populations created transportation problems as well. As the cities continued to grow, the transit system could not always keep up. City officials also had difficulty obtaining enough clean water. Cities began to clean and filter the water and insist on indoor plumbing, but these steps spread slowly. Removing waste and garbage was another problem. By 1900 most cities had full-time professional fire departments. But the lack of water made fires very dangerous – and reliance on wood as building material gave fires fuel to burn. Both Chicago, in 1871, and San Francisco, in 1906, suffered very devastating fires. Another problem of the growing cities was a crime.

28. Chapters in Brief
Some social reformers pushed to improve life in the cities. The Social Gospel movement held that Christians had a duty to try to reform conditions. Some reformers created settlement houses. These community centers aimed at helping the poor, especially immigrants. Run mostly by women, they offered schooling, nursing, and other assistance.

29. Urban Opportunities
urban population exploded due to the lure of industrial jobs
1870 to ,000,000 to 54,000,000 people lived in cities
Urbanization: the growth of cities
Rural: the growth of country areas
Immigrants settle in cities
* cities were the cheapest and most
convenient places to live
* cities offered unskilled laborers
steady jobs in mills and factories
* cities provided social support for
assimilating into America
* people could cluster into ethnic
communities

30. Migration From Country To City
Country Living
* due to the reaper and steel
plow, many could not find
jobs
* this caused many people to
leave the country for cities
* many southern farmers were
African-American
* in approximately
200,000 African Americans
moved north and west to
places like Chicago and
Detroit
* they wanted to escape racial
violence, economic
hardship, and political
oppression

31. Urban Problems Housing
People could rent rooms in boarding house and share a kitchen and dining room
Some people lived in row houses, which were single family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar homes
Other people lived in dumbbell tenements, which were long, narrow, five-or-six story buildings that were shaped like barbells
Garbage was picked up infrequently
Garbage was dumped into airshafts, which led to a spread of rats and vermin
People used pigs or goats to eat garbage
There were no zoning laws, which meant that one could have a $1,000,000 home next to a slaughterhouse

32. Tenement Homes
Tenements were types of low-income housing units built in cities for the waves of immigrants who came to the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century.  Living conditions were crowded and unhealthy.

33. Tenement Homes

34. Tenement Floor Plan (Four Homes)

35. Tenement Floor Plans

36. Tenement Living Room

37. Tenement Kitchen

38. Tenement Kitchen

39. Tenement Kitchen

40. Tenement Kitchen

41. Tenement Yard

42. Tenement Yard

43. Tenement Yard

44. Urban Problems Transportation
prior to industrialization people moved on foot or in horse-drawn carriages
trolleys were introduced in San Francisco in 1873
subways were brought to Boston in 1897
“El” trains ran over city streets
“El” trains were run by coal, which caused pollution and dropped hot coals on people
it was hard for cities to keep old transportation systems in good repair, but it was hard to build new ones to meet growth demand

45. Urban Problems
Water
prior to industrialization people bought water from vendors
in 1840 to 1850, cities built public water works
as late as 1860, residents of many cities had inadequate water mains and pipes
residents collected water with pails to heat for bathing, cooking, and drinking
eventually chlorine was added to combat cholera and typhoid fever

46. Urban Problems Sanitation unsanitary conditions were wide spread
Horse manure piled in streets
Sewage flowed through open gutters
Factories released foul smoke
there was no system of trash removal
People dumped garbage into alleys and streets
People hired to clean up the garbage did not do their jobs

47. Urban Problems
Fire
there was a limited water supply and proximity to firefighters
cities were packed with wood homes
people used candles and kerosene for lighting
fire departments used volunteers. If workers were volunteer firemen and left work, they lost their jobs
two major fires
Chicago Fire– October 8, 1871 (Mrs. O’Leary’s Barn– fire started by Daniel “Peg-Leg” Sullivan hiding in barn drinking knocking over lantern)
San Francisco Earthquake– April 18, 1906

48. Urban Problems Crime Pick-pockets Thieves Con-men
Gangs controlled streets and corners
not enough law enforcement to effectively police the cities

49. Urban Successes Three Main Components of Urban Success City Parks
Urban Markets
Reformers
city planners sought to restore a measure of serenity to the “concrete jungle”
they designed parks and recreational areas
Fredrick Law Olmstead
former farmer, surveyor, and journalist
he started the movement for urban parks
he drew the plan for Central Park in New York City

50. Urban Successes Americans changed the way they shopped
they formed concentrated urban markets, which allowed for vast quantities of products for reasonable prices
Urban Markets
Shopping Centers
Department Stores
Chain Stores
Mail Order Catalogs
Supermarkets

51. Urban Successes Shopping Centers
growth of cities created targets for manufactures and merchants
first shopping center was formed in 1890 in Cleveland, Ohio
they led to specialized financial/entertainment districts
retail shopping districts formed in middle class cities
public transportation easily brought shoppers to these districts

52. Urban Successes Chain Store Department Stores
Marshall Field pioneered them they are large retail stores that offer a wide variety of goods and services
they introduced the idea of a restaurant in a store
they allowed women to take merchandise home and then return if they did not like it
Chain Store
groups of stores under the same ownership (Woolworth)
known as 5 and 10 dime stores– came up with idea when items were displayed by counter
they offered items at a very low price

53. Urban Successes Mail Order Catalogs
Sears and Montgomery Ward offered the first catalogs
catalogs are books showing merchandise that can be ordered and delivered through the mail
United States Post Office offered free delivery to rural areas; brought packages directly to every home

54. Urban Successes Supermarkets first chain of supermarkets –
Piggly Wiggly
they offered more products under one place
(dairy, butcher, fruit)

55. Urban Successes Reformers Americanization Movement: education program
mostly young educated men and women
established programs to aid poor and improve urban life
Americanization Movement: education program
designed to help
immigrants assimilate
to American culture

56. Urban Successes
Social Gospel Movement: reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor

57. Urban Successes
Settlement Houses: Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance and friendship to local men, women, and children– especially immigrants Jane Addams: Founder of Hull House in Chicago

58. Answer in three complete sentences in your summary.
Essential Question
Which solution (or attempted solution) to an urban problem do you think had the most impact?
Explain.
Answer in three complete sentences in your summary.

59. Immigration Objective
Analyze the economic,
social, and political effects
of immigration