1. Objective: How mental illness or psychological disorders are diagnosed?
A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Clinically significant disturbance: Disturbed, or dysfunctional, behaviors are maladaptive—they interfere with normal day-to-day life.

2. A. History, diagnoses, and stigma attached to mental illness.
Early views of Mental Disorders – Illness was the result of “evil” or demons.
Trephination (also known as trepanning or burr holing) is a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools
Mental Hospitals

3. used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Diagnosis:
DSM-5 the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely
used system for classifying psychological disorders.
A person may be diagnosed with and treated for “insomnia disorder” if he or she meets all of the following criteria:
• Is dissatisfied with sleep quantity or quality (difficulty initiating, maintaining, or returning to sleep).
• Sleep disturbance causes distress or impairment in everyday functioning.
• Occurs at least three nights per week.
• Present for at least three months.
• Occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep.
• Is not explained by another sleep disorder (such as narcolepsy).
• Is not caused by substance use or abuse.
• Is not caused by other mental disorders or medical conditions.

4. Stigma:
Labels are at best arbitrary and at worst value judgments masquerading as science. Once we label a person, we view that person differently (Farina, 1982). Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations.
Getting a job or finding a place to rent can be a challenge for those known to be just released from prison—or a mental hospital. But as we are coming to understand that many psychological disorders are diseases of the brain, not failures of character, the stigma seems to be lifting

5. Rosenhan Study
Rosenhan's study was done in two parts. The first part involved the use of healthy associates or "pseudopatients" (three women and five men, including Rosenhan himself) who briefly feigned auditory hallucinations in an attempt to gain admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals in five different states in various locations in the United States. All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. After admission, the pseudopatients acted normally and told staff that they felt fine and had no longer experienced any additional hallucinations. All were forced to admit to having a mental illness and agree to take antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release. The average time that the patients spent in the hospital was 19 days. All but one were diagnosed with schizophrenia "in remission" before their release.
The second part of his study involved an offended hospital administration challenging Rosenhan to send pseudopatients to its facility, whom its staff would then detect. Rosenhan agreed and in the following weeks out of 193 new patients the staff identified 41 as potential pseudopatients, with 19 of these receiving suspicion from at least one psychiatrist and one other staff member. In fact, Rosenhan had sent no pseudopatients to the hospital.

6. 2) What are the different types of disorder and specific disorders within that type?
The common feature of all of depressive mood disorders is the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual’s capacity to function. What differs among them are issues of duration, timing, or presumed etiology.
Somatic – physical symptoms

7. Major depressive Disorder:
Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

8. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). (Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood.)
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation.)
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. (Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gain.)
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick).
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others).
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

9. Specify:
With anxious distress
With mixed features
With melancholic features
With atypical features
With mood-congruent psychotic features
With mood-incongruent psychotic features
With catatonia.
With peripartum onset With seasonal pattern (recurrent episode only)

10. 3) What are the different types of treatment modalities and what types of disorders do they have the best efficacy?
So… How does that make you feel?

11. Insight Therapies: a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
Psychoanalysis: emphasizes the formative power of childhood experiences and their ability to mold the adult. Thus, it aims to unearth one’s past in hope of unmasking the present.
Humanistic therapy: aims to boost people’s self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self awareness and self-acceptance.
Promoting this growth, not curing illness…The path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one’s feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants.

12. Client - Centered Therapy: which focuses on the person’s conscious self - perceptions. In this nondirective therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights.

13. Objective:
The student will analyze the DSM classifications for diagnosing specific disorders in these groups. You will then read one case study from the DSM casebook.
The student will use the DSM to make a diagnosis and record a possible cause for this disorder making sure to identify the approach you are using.

14. Multi-Axial System
I) Clinical Syndromes / Disorders,
II) Personality Disorders / Mental Retardation,
III) Medical Conditions,
IV) Psychosocial and Environmental Stressors, and
V) Global Assessment of Functioning.

15. Axis I: Clinical Syndromes / Disorders
It represents acute symptoms that need treatment
Major Depressive Disorder, in partial remission
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
ADHD

16. Axis II - Personality Disorders and Intellectual disabilities
These disorders are usually life-long problems that first arise in childhood, distinct from the clinical disorders of Axis I which are often symptomatic of Axis II.
No evidence of a personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder

17. Axis III - Medical Conditions: Medical conditions that assist in the detection of symptomology
Axis III - No evident medical conditions
Examples:
Glaucoma
Hyperthyroidism
Chrone’s Disease

18. Axis IV - Psychosocial and Environmental Stressors: reporting psychosocial and environmental stressors that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders"
Axis IV – Immature social skills
Poor social relationships with pees
Life events - e.g. marriage, new job, death of a loved one - that may affect a patient's mental health diagnosis and treatment.

19. Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning.
A reflection of the evaluating clinician's judgement of a patient's ability to function in daily life. The 100 point scale measures psychological, social and occupational functioning.
Children’s Global Assessment Scale score = range

20. Treatment Recommendations
Medication
Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy Treatment for Adolescents