2. The Cold War- Harry S. Truman (D) 1945-1953

3. Bell Ringer: Historical Perspective Activity
Consider the historical question: Who was to blame for the start of the Cold War?
Read the three historical perspectives provided to you in class:
Traditionalist
Revisionist
Realist
Using the summaries of each perspective, as well as your understanding of the Cold War, which historical perspective to you feel best answers the question?

4. What was the Cold War?
Cold War - the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s.

5. U.S.-Soviet Relations during the Cold War:
1. Foreign relations between the two superpowers were tense, but no shot was ever fired which is why it is referred to as the Cold War.
2. The Cold War was often personified in an arms race and the space race.
3. There was a fear that the conflict would result in a full nuclear war so a policy of deterrence was developed, referred to as mutually assured destruction (MAD).

6. U.S.-Soviet Relations during the Cold War:
4. There was a definite propaganda war, where the opposing side was portrayed in a negative and even an evil light in newspapers, political cartoons, and entertainment items.
5. The U.S. practiced a policy of containment, meaning the prevention of the spread of communism and its influence as a way to defeat the Soviet Union.
6. This was outlined in the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the U.S. was willing to offer assistance to any nation under the communist threat.

7. Spread of Communism After World War II
1. Communism soon spread to other areas, namely Asia and Latin America.
2. Other communist nations and their central leader during the Cold War included:
Cuba- Fidel Castro
China- Mao Zedong
North Korea- Kim Il Sung
North Vietnam- Ho Chi Minh
3. Other nations were drawn to communism because of the ideals of equality and worker control.

8. Communism
1. A revolution of the proletariat in which the working class overthrows the capitalist (owner) class. (The Communist party, the Bolsheviks seized power in the 1917 October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin)
2. Private ownership is abolished.
3. The ownership of all goods and means of production falls to the state or community.
4. A political, economic, and social system that is the opposite of capitalism.
5. Based on the writings of Marx and Engels.

10. Outcomes of World War II
60 million dead
35 million injured
3 million missing
Possibly 40 million civilians dead
USSR lost 27 million lives (nearly 40 times American and British put together)
6 million Jews killed
30 million displaced
1 million refugees
Millions of acres of farmland destroyed
Whole economies destroyed and factories demolished
RRs, bridges, roads, cities destroyed
Total cost of the war are estimated at $1.5 trillion!!
Future generations lost was invaluable

11. Harry S. Truman President (D) 1945 – 1953 Cold War policy Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
United Nations
NATO/Warsaw Pact
Korean War
2nd Red Scare

12. What is the historical context of this cartoon?
What is the cartoonist’s point of view?
What is the purpose of this cartoon?

13. Iron Curtain Speech and Stalin’s Reply
Read and annotate your assigned speech and answer the questions that follow.
Share with a partner the answers to your questions.
Who started the Cold War? Do these documents change your original opinion? Why or why not?

14. When did the Cold War begin?
Yalta Conference, February 4-11, 1945
Meeting of the “Big Three” Allied Leaders-Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

15. Yalta Conference
Called for a conference to create a new world organization on April 25, This was known as San Francisco Conference. Would sign charter for creation of United Nations (UN)
Main goal of UN was to maintain peace and settle disputes.
Main body of UN was called the General Assembly.
Five permanent members of Security Council:
U.S., Russia, China, Britain, and France
Each member has the power to veto, or reject, any proposal.
No way to enforce decisions
Horrible at solving conflicts, but great at fighting hunger, disease, and improving education.

16. Yalta Conference
Created occupation zones in Germany: Soviets would control the east and Western Allies (U.S., G.B. and France) would control west. Berlin (entirely in Soviet Zone) would be under joint occupation
Big Three promised to sponsor free elections, democratic governments in all of Europe (Soviets had already expanded through Eastern Europe)

17. C. Free Elections Threatened
Big Three promised to sponsor free elections, democratic governments in all of Europe
Soviets had already expanded through Eastern Europe

18. Potsdam Conference Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945
Big Three now included Clemet Atlee, Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin

19. Potsdam Conference
Confirmed that Germany would be divided into four zones
Each zone would be demilitarized; German industry used for warfare would be taken away
Nazis would be tried as war criminals-Nuremburg Trials
Truman informed Stalin of the atomic bomb

20. Iron Curtain Speech
On March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe.

21. Containment
The goal of containment was to contain, or limit, Soviet expansion
Idea of containment was first outlined in George Kennan’s “Long Telegram” on February 22, 1946.
Then appeared in 1947 article anonymously written in Foreign Affairs
“the main element of any US policy must be that of a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies…”
Growing fear that Soviets wished to expand beyond eastern Europe

22. Bell Ringer: Historical Perspective Defense Poster Presentation
You and a partner team must prepare a summary brief that visually answers the following historical question: Who was to blame for the start of the Cold War?
Make sure that you have the following on a poster of your creation:
Thesis statement that answers the question and takes a position based upon the evidence analyzed
Summary argument that is supported with evidence from at least three sources provided from the class document packet. Argument should use either historical context, intended audience, author’s point of view, or document purpose as part of your argument.
Summary argument also includes evidence from one additional resource. See website provided.
A symbol that visually supports your argument
A title to your poster that demonstrates both the question and the historical perspective (traditionalist, revisionist, or realist) that your group has used based upon your conclusions.

23. Key Concept 8.1
The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
I. United States policymakers engaged in a Cold War with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
As post war tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-Communist nations.
Essential Question: How did the Truman administration respond to the tensions of the Cold War? How did these tensions and the administration’s response impact American society and culture?

24. Harry S. Truman President (D) 1945 – 1953 Cold War policy Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
United Nations
NATO/Warsaw Pact
Korean War
2nd Red Scare

25. Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.
Request for $400 million for military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey (By 1950 had spent $659 million)
Helped ease Soviet pressure on Turkey and Greece
Was the beginning of what SC senator Bernard Baruch called a “Cold War”

26. Marshall Plan
June 1947-Secretary Of State George C. Marshall called for a program of massive aid ($12 Billion) to rescue Western Europe after World War II.
Why?
Wartime damage and dislocation had hurt factory production in Western Europe
Severe drought and harsh winter had destroyed crops
Coal shortages, bridges out, rail networks destroyed
Communist party flourishing in France and Italy
Plan offered aid to all European countries, including the Soviet Union

27. Marshall Plan Highly successful program
European industrial production increased by over 60%
Communist strength in Western Europe declined
American trade to new markets increased
Met the humanitarian need of Western Europeans

29. National Security Act of 1947
Created the Department of Defense (combined the War and Navy Departments)
National Security Council (NSC) created to oversee foreign and military policy
Central Intelligence Agency created to collect information through open and covert operations
Result?
Gave the presidency broad executive power during the Cold War

30. Second Red Scare
The second Red Scare occurred after World War II, and was popularly known as "McCarthyism" after its most famous supporter, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy.

31. HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
Originally created in 1938 to find Nazis that had infiltrated the U.S. government
In 1947 it was used as a U.S. Congressional Committee to open hearings on the possible communist infiltration of Hollywood
10 screenwriters, producers and directors claimed their first amendment rights and refused to testify
Federal courts agreed with HUAC’s investigation and the Hollywood Ten went to prison for contempt

32. HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
Studio executives drew up blacklists of possible communists in the movie industry
Both Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon became famous as anti-Communists because of the HUAC meetings.

33. Loyalty Program
President Harry S. Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the "Loyalty Order", on March 21, 1947.
established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government.
hoped to quiet critics who accused Democrats of being soft on communism.
Loyalty Review Board investigated over 3 million government employees, just over 300 of whom were dismissed as security risks

34. The Berlin Blockade June 1948 – May 1949
Truman reached agreement with France and Great Britain to merge their three occupied zones (this included both Germany and Berlin)
Stalin reacted on June 24 by blocking all overland access to Berlin through East Germany
All road and rail lines were cut and no supplies could be brought into the western half of the city
Truman refused to do what Stalin had hoped—abandon the city

35. Soviet blockade of Berlin:
East Berlin
West Berlin
East Germany
West Germany

36. The Berlin Airlift Truman was not willing to risk war.
Allies decided to fly supplies into Berlin instead
Soviets were unwilling to be the aggressor by shooting down Allied aircraft
1500 flights a day delivered 5000 tons of supplies a day – everything from food to coal to gasoline to cloth to machinery
Over ten months, the airlift transported 2.5 million tons to a city of 2 million

38. Berlin Airlift:
October After nearly a year, the Soviets lifted the unsuccessful blockade
Germany was officially divided-Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the Democratic Republic (East)

39. The US and Israel
US backed the United Nations plan to establish a Jewish homeland in Israel in 1948, turning many Arab nations against the US, because the Israelis forcibly displaced the Palestinians already living in the area
As a result, many Arab states turned to the Soviets for military and financial support

40. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Founded April 4, 1949
Mutual defense treaty against the Soviets
US, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, & Iceland were the original members
Today, includes most of Europe + US & Canada

41. The Warsaw Pact
May 14, 1955: Soviets responded to NATO by creating an alliance of communist states
Unlike NATO, which was an alliance of free nations, Warsaw Pact members had no choice but to join, since their communist governments were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union
Officially disbanded July 1, 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet power

42. NATO & Warsaw Pact

43. 1949-Russians Develop Atomic Bombs
August 29, 1949: Soviets tested their first atomic bomb (technology they had largely stolen from the US through espionage)
Soviets had become a much more serious threat in the eyes of the US

44. Arms Race
Contest in which nations compete to build more and more powerful weapons
1952 America developed Hydrogen bomb – 80 times more powerful than A-bomb
Soviet Union soon followed with H-bomb
Both countries stockpiled weapons

45. 1949-US and Chinese Communism
China had been involved in a civil war between Nationalists and Communists since before WWII began
After Japanese defeat during World War II the Civil War resumed
Communists led by Mao Zedong gained control of mainland China in 1949, driving the Nationalists and Chiang Kai-shek to flee to the island of Taiwan

46. 1949-US and Chinese Communism
The US refused to accept the Communists as the legitimate Chinese government
instead recognized the Nationalists on Taiwan as the “true” China, while the Soviets took just the opposite stance
U.S. turned attention to Japan instead of China as a Pacific buffer to Asian communism

47. NSC 68
1950 National Security Council report issued after China fell to communism
Argued that U.S. could no longer rely on other nations to take an initiative to resist communism
U.S. would have to stop any spread of communism (regardless of strategic or economic value)
Called for an expansion of American military power

48. Election of 1948 Candidates: “Whistle stop” campaign
Southern Democrats had formed the State’s Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) and nominated their own candidate for president-South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond
Progressive Democrats-Henry Wallace
Republican Party-Thomas Dewey
“Whistle stop” campaign
Campaigned on Fair Deal and repeal of Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
Ultimately won because of Berlin-Airlift success
Support from New Deal Coalition

50. Domestic Policy-The Fair Deal
Truman had previously submitted a 21 point domestic program that would be called the Fair Deal shortly after Japan surrendered in 1945
Expansion of Social Security benefits
Raising of minimum wage
Public housing and slum clearance
National health insurance
Federal aid to education
This would reestablish the principles of liberalism that had been abandoned during World War II
Most of the Fair Deal proposals were abandoned after Republicans won control of Congress in 1946 elections

51. The Fair Deal
After his re-election in 1948, Truman managed to convince Congress to pass some of his liberal reforms.
It almost doubled the minimum wage—from 40 cents to 75 cents an hour
established the Housing Act, which provided 800,000 new houses for the poor.
approved Truman’s extension of Social Security benefits
Emerging conservative elements of Republican Party and Southern Democrats blocked passage of much of the Fair Deal
Congress rejected the idea of national health care, avoided passing any new civil rights legislation and failed to aggressively tackle concerns over fair labor practices

52. Summary MC Questions HW-Brinkley Reading, pp. 745-751
HW-Identifications, Chapter 27

53. The Korean War
June 1950 – July 1953
After WWII, Korea had been divided much as Germany had into a Communist-held north and a US-backed south
Post World War II goal was to reunite Korea under democratically controlled elections.
June 25, 1950 – North Korea (backed by the Soviet Union) invaded South Korea
President Truman urged UN to send in troops from 16 nations (90% were American)

54. The Korean War
UN Security Council vote was taken on Truman’s proposal; Soviet Union absent from the vote
Douglas MacArthur was chosen as the overall commander of UN forces in Korea
North Korean troops had pushed UN (US) forces to Pusan within 2 months of the invasion (September 1950)
Douglas counterattacked by splitting forces; Attacked North Koreans from behind their lines at Inchon
Troops pushed North Korea back north across the 38th parallel
China (communist) sent troops to North Korea and pushed UN troops back into South Korea
Video Clip

55. The Korean War
1953 – war ended and the two sides established a demilitarized zone – an area which neither side controls
Dispute was eventually settled by returning to pre-war boundaries close to the 38th Parallel, but no formal peace was ever declared

56. Gen. Douglas MacArthur
During the Korean War, MacArthur began to be heavily critical of how Truman wanted the war conducted and began to advocate for use of atomic weapons against China as a sure way to win absolute victory
Truman was forced to fire the popular MacArthur because Truman wanted to limit the war as much as possible while still containing communism