1. Coming to America

2. Coming to America
“Give us your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to be free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore.”
This poem by Emma Lazarus is on display at which American landmark? Are the ideas accepted by all Americans?

3. Ellis Island: Arrival point for new European immigrants
Angel Island: Arrival point for new Asian immigrants

4. New European Immigrants
Ellis Island Processing

5. Immigration
Prior to 1871, most immigrants to America came from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden).
During the half-century from 1871 until 1921, most immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, present-day Hungary, and former Yugoslavia), as well as Asia (China and Japan).
Due to the change from northern and western to southern and eastern Europe these immigrants are known as “new immigrants.”

6. Immigration
Immigrants to the United States made valuable contributions to the dramatic industrial growth of America during this period. For example:
Chinese workers helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad.
Immigrants worked in textile and steel mills in the Northeast.
Immigrants worked in the clothing industry in New York

7. Immigration
Slavs, Italians, and Poles worked in the coal mines of the East.
These immigrants often worked for very low pay and endured dangerous working conditions to help build the nations’ industrial strength.

8. Life in a Big Urban City
in the Gilded Age

9. Ethnic Neighborhoods
Immigrants tend to live in the same areas to ease transition to America

10. Mulberry Street Bend, 1889

11. Dumbbell Tenement

12. Tenement
a rundown apartment used to house large numbers of low-income families.

14. 5-Cent Lodgings

15. Men’s Lodgings

16. Women’s Lodgings

17. Immigrant Family Lodgings

18. 1890s ”Morgue” – Basement Saloon

19. ” Bandits’ Roost”

20. Mullen’s Alley ”Gang”

21. The streets could be dangerous

22. URBAN PROBLEMS Overcrowded Housing
Sanitation: garbage was often not collected
Polluted air
Lack of clean water
Crime
Fire
Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

23. POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE
As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines
Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city
The head of the Political machine was known as the “Boss”

24. ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS
The “Boss” controlled jobs, business licenses, granting of contracts and influenced laws and courts
Political Machines helped immigrants with naturalization (citizenship), jobs, and housing in exchange for votes
Boss Tweed ran NYC

25. Political Corruption was considered to be widespread
President Grant’s Administration
Voter Fraud- used fake names and voted multiple times
Patronage- granting favors in return for political support
Graft- bribes
kick-backs - Return of money in exchange for a business

26. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

27. THE TWEED RING SCANDAL
William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines
Between , Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city
Tweed’s ring stole between 40 and 200 million
Tweed died in Jail
Boss Tweed

28. Party Bosses & Political Machines
Term given to city officials who gave jobs, housing, and money to immigrants in return for political support
Boss Tweed: Most famous party boss. He ran the Tammany Hall Machine

29. Reformers: Jacob Riis: “How the other half lives”
Book detailing the horrors of city life
Jane Addams: Hull House
Settlement House movement:
Teaching immigrants how adapt to America
- Social Gospel Movement: Christians should work to improve the lives of everyone

30. Political Reform Goal: End control of political bosses and machines
How: Pendleton Act: Required civil service exams to qualify for government jobs.

31. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE
Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system
The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected
Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs
The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance
Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

32. Immigration and Assimilation
Immigrants would begin to assimilate into the American “melting pot.”
Public schools played a vital role in this process.
Immigrants to America often faced hardships and hostility.
Some reasons why (fear and resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than American workers would accept; prejudice based on religious and cultural differences).

33. Anti-Immigrant protest

34. Anti-Immigrant protest
Nativist: People opposed to new immigrants.
KKK & Know-Nothings were Nativist groups
Chinese Exclusion Act: Banning of Chinese immigration
Gentleman’s Agreement: Banning of Japanese immigration

35. Class Work: Reading Read Chapter 16 section 2 and 3, pages 529-539.
Answer the Checkpoint questions as you read.
Once you have finished your reading you may work on your study guide.
You should have your study guide completely answered by the end of class, if you have been keeping up with it as we’ve gone along.