1. PLANT LIFE
4thQ: Unit 1

2. How important is plant?
Plants make food, oxygen, provide habitats for animals, help to make and preserve soil, provide useful products for people (including food, fibers, medicines, and etc.) and help to beautify our environment.

3. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants turn raw materials like carbon dioxide and water into glucose in the presence of light.

4. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PLANT
95% of the fresh weight of a plant is water.
Water transports substances such as minerals and vitamins required for plant growth.
Water maintains plant’s turgidity.

5. Transpiration
During hot weather, water from plants evaporate to the environment through small openings in the leaves called stomata. This process is known as transpiration.

6. stomata It’s an organ that regulates the water loss in plant.
Stomata consists of guard cells that controls the opening of the stoma.
Stoma closes at night to reduce the loss of water and opens at daytime to allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for photosynthesis.

7. The Role of Transpiration
It helps in transporting water and minerals to the plant.
Xylem carries water and dissolved mineral from roots to the stem and the leaves.
Phloem transports glucose from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

8. Sexual Reproductive System of Flowering Plants
Flowering plants reproduce through sexual reproduction.
Sepals – protect flower during bud stage.
Petals – are modified leaves that attract insects for pollination and protect the stamen and pistil of the flower.
Stamen – male part
Anther – has pollen sacs inside it which are the place for pollen grains formation.
Pistil – female part
Stigma – has sticky surface to enable it to attach with the pollen grain.
Style – joins the stigma with the ovary and allows the pollen tube to grow towards the ovules.
Ovary - protects the ovule which is an ovum (female gamete).

9. Asexual Reproduction in Non-flowering Plants
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involves reproductive cells.
Spore formation:
Ferns, Mosses, Mushrooms
Vegetative reproduction
Stems (sugarcane), leaves (aloe vera), suckers (pineapple), and underground stems (onion)

10. Pollination
It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower.
Agents of pollination are wind, water, animals, and insects to transfer the pollen grains.

11. Pollination to Fertilization
Step 1: An insect carries pollen from one flower to another Step 2: The stigma catches the pollen Step 3: The pollen tube grows down to the ovary Step 4: The pollen fertilizes the ovule Step 5: The ovules develop into seeds Step 6: The ovary develops into a fruit

12. Wind Vs. Insect Pollinated Flowers

13. 2 Types of Pollination
Self-Pollination: occurs between the same or different flower of the same plant.
Cross-Pollination: occurs between the flowers of different plants.

14. Cross-Pollination VS. Self-Pollination
Difference
Cross-Pollination
Self-Pollination
a. Number of plants involved
Two
One
b. Characteristics of the offspring
Healthy and resistant to the environmental changes
Weak and not resistant to the environmental changes
c. Variety
More
Less

15. Wind and Insect Pollinated Flowers

16. Seeds vs. Spores SEEDS SPORES
Larger in size and can be seen and touched easily
Multicellular
located either in the fruit or flower of flowering plants
germinates more easily
disseminated by animals that eat the fruit of flowering plants
Smaller or microscopic size
Unicellular
Located underneath the leaves of non-flowering plants
Spores requires a wet environment to germinate
Simply fall off or spread by the wind to propagate

17. Germination of Seed
During germination, the embryo will develop into a shoot, seedling and roots respectively.

18. Condition for Germination
Suitable Temperature for enzyme reaction, Air for respiration, and Water to soften the testa (or seed coat).

19. MONOCOT VS. DICOT
COTYLEDON is an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

20. Angiosperm VS. Gymnosperm
Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves.

21. Stimuli and Responses to Plants in the Environment
4 COMMON TROPISMS IN PLANTS
Phototropism
Geotropism
Hydrotropism
Thigmotropism

22. Phototropism It is the growth of plants in response to light.
Positive Phototropism is when the shoots grow towards light.
Negative Phototropism is when the roots grow away from light.

23. Geotropism
It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to gravity.

24. Hydrotropism
It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to water.

25. Thigmotropism
It is a growth response by plants to touch or contact with a solid structure.

26. TROPISM & NASTIC MOVEMENT
Are growth responses of plant to external stimuli.
Directional Movement
Positive and Negative Tropism
Usually, plants response for growth
Are movements made by plants in response to external stimuli that may come from any direction
Usually, plants response to touch for defense

27. NASTIC MOVEMENT
Seismonastic – a type of nastic movement in response to touch to protect the plants against damage.

28. Application of Vegetative Reproduction
Technology of vegetative reproduction includes stem cutting and tissue culture.
STEM CUTTING – a method where a piece of twig is cut off from the parent plant and then placed in the soil. After a few days, grows into a new plant. (Sugar Cane)
TISSUE CULTURE – a method of reproduction which produces new plants called clone from the tissue of the parent plant. (Carrot)

29. TISSUE CULTURE

30. BIOTECHNOLOGY What is Biotechnology?
What are the different types of Biotechnology?
What is Agricultural Biotechnology?
State one benefit of Agricultural Biotechnology.
How can Biotechnology help the environment?
State one advantage of using Biotechnology.