1. Chapter 16 Endocrine System
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2. Chapter 16
Lesson 16.1
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16--2

3. Objectives Identify organs and structures of the endocrine system.
Define and spell the word parts related to the endocrine system
Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the endocrine system.
Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the endocrine system.
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Functions of the Endocrine System
regulates body activities through the use of chemical messengers called hormones, which when released into the bloodstream, influence metabolic activities, growth, and development.
How does the nervous system regulate body activities?
Hormones secreted by the endocrine glands go directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands are called ductless glands.
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5. The Endocrine System This is an illustration of the endocrine system.
Note the pituitary gland is the only endocrine gland located in the skull.
Note the relationship between the thyroid and thymus glands.
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6. Endocrine Glands
pituitary: approximately the size of a pea located at the base of the brain and is divided into 2 lobes
anterior lobe produces hormones
growth hormone (GH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
gonadotropic: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL)
Note the pituitary is divided into two lobes.
Note the variety of activities regulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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7. Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)
pituitary (cont’d)
anterior lobe produces hormones (cont’d)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
hypothalamus: located near the pituitary gland in the brain that secretes “releasing” hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones
Note the interlocking relationship of the endocrine glands illustrated by the function of the hypothalamus in stimulating the pituitary gland.
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8. Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)
thyroid: largest endocrine gland located in the neck below the larynx
produces hormones
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4)
parathyroid: four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid
produces hormone
parathormone (PTH)
The T3 and T4 hormones require iodine for their production.
Thyroxine is necessary for body cell metabolism.
What does the parathyroid do in the body?
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9. Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)
islets of Langerhans: clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas
secretes hormones
insulin
glucagon
produces enzymes which facilitate digestion
Where would the name “islets of Langerhans” come from?
There are nonendocrine cells throughout the pancreas that perform nonendocrine digestions (with enzymes) and other nonendocrine functions.
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10. Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)
adrenal glands: paired glands, one above each kidney. The outer portion is called the cortex, and the inner portion is called the medulla.
secretes hormones
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
aldosterone
epinephrine (adrenaline)
What does cortisol do in the human body?
Aldosterone regulates electrolytes in the body.
What are electrolytes and what do they do? What are some examples of electrolytes?
What does epinephrine do in the human body?
The adrenal gland also produces norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
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11. Pituitary gland, hormones secreted and target organs
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12. Combining Forms of the Endocrine System
aden/o
adren/o, adrenal/o
cortic/o
endocrin/o
parathyroid/o
pituitar/o
thyroid/o, thyr/o
What is the combining form for cortex? Which endocrine organ has a cortex?
What does the combining form parathyroid/o refer to?
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13. Combining Forms Commonly Used with the Endocrine System Terms
acr/o
calc/i
dips/o
kal/i
natr/o
What is the combining form for “thirst”?
What does the combining form kal/i refer to?
What is the combining form for “sodium”?
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14. Suffix -drome What does the suffix -drome mean?
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15. Clicker Question Which of the following contains the word root
meaning sodium?
hypokalemia
hyponatremia
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16. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
acromegaly
adenitis
adenomegaly
adenosis
adrenalitis
adrenomegaly
hypercalcemia
hyperglycemia
hyperkalemia
hyperpituitarism
hyperthyroidism
hypocalcemia
hypoglycemia
hypokalemia
hyponatremia
hypopituitarism
hypothyroidism
panhypopituitarism
parathyroidoma
thyroiditis
What does the medical term acromegaly mean?
What is the medical term for “abnormal softening of gland”?
Which term would mean “excessive calcium in the blood?” “Deficient level of calcium in the blood?”
What is the medical term for “deficient level of potassium in the blood”?
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17. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts
acidosis
Addison disease
cretinism
Cushing syndrome
diabetes insipidus (DI)
diabetes mellitus (DM)
gigantism
goiter
Graves disease
ketosis
myxedema
pheochromocytoma
tetany
thyrotoxicosis
Addison disease was named in 1855 for Thomas Addison, an English physician and pathologist.
What are the symptoms of Addison disease?
What does the medical term cretinism refer to?
Gigantism and acromegaly are both caused by overproduction of the growth hormone.
Gigantism occurs before puberty; acromegaly occurs after puberty.
What might cause a goiter?
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18. Cushing Syndrome
This is an illustration of a child with Cushing syndrome.
What symptoms seen here would indicate Cushing syndrome?
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19. Goiter This is an illustration of a person suffering from a goiter.
What causes a goiter?
What role does iodized salt play in preventing goiter?
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20. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
adenectomy
adrenalectomy
parathyroidectomy
thyroidectomy
thyroidotomy
thyroparathyroidectomy
What is the medical term for “excision of a thyroid gland”?
What is the medical term for “incision of a thyroid gland”?
What is the medical term for “excision of an adrenal gland”?
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21. Chapter 16
Lesson 16.2
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22. Objectives
Define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic terms related to the endocrine system.
Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the endocrine system.
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the endocrine system.
Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.
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23. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
thyroid scan
Laboratory
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
thyroxine level (T4)
thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)
What does RAIU measure?
What is the difference between RAIU and a thyroid scan?
Why would someone getting a blood glucose test need to fast for 8 to 10 hours? What might be diagnosed by a FBS?
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24. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
adrenocorticohyperplasia
adrenopathy
cortical
corticoid
endocrinologist
endocrinology
endocrinopathy
euglycemia
euthyroid
polydipsia
syndrome
What does the medical term polydipsia mean? What conditions are related to polydipsia?
Does syndrome only refer to endocrine terms?
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25. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
exophthalmos
hormone
isthmus
metabolism
Exophthalmos is derived from the Greek ex, meaning outward, and ophthalmos, meaning eye. What condition might cause it?
What does metabolism mean and how does it pertain to the endocrine system?
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26. Clicker Question Hyperglycemia can be detected by FBS TSH
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27. Abbreviations DI DM FBS HbA1C RAIU T4
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28. Read Medical Terms In Use
A 55-year-old female patient presented to her doctor because of a
10-pound weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, and cold
intolerance. She was referred to an endocrinologist who
established a diagnosis of hypothyroidism after test results
indicated an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and
a low thyroxine level. Thyroid hormone therapy was prescribed.
Approximately 20 years ago she was diagnosed with Graves
disease characterized by hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, fatigue,
irritability, weight loss, and goiter. At this time she had an increased
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU). Treatment included a
thyroidectomy with subsequent thyroid hormone therapy. She
remained in a euthyroid state until she stopped taking the
medication 6 months ago. Consequently she became hypothyroid
and could easily have developed myxedema if she had not sought
treatment.
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