1. Chapter 16: Endocrine System
Medical terminology

2. Chapter 16 AbbreviationsCa Fe K Na
2 hr pp
BMP BS
FBS
GTT
calcium
iron
potassium
sodium
two hour post-prandial (meal) blood glucose test
basic metabolic panel
blood sugar
fasting blood sugar
glucose tolerance test

3. Chapter 16 Abbreviations
TSH DM
Type I
Type II
thyroid test (triiodothyronine)
thyroid test (thyroxine)
thyroid-stimulating hormone
diabetes mellitus
Type I diabetes, formerly known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes
Type II diabetes, formerly known as adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes

4. Endocrine System
Composed of endocrine glands throughout the body, including: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, and thymus
Function
Regulates body activities through the use of chemical messengers called hormones, which when released into the bloodstream influence metabolic activities, growth, and development
Regulates body activities through electrical impulses and activation of glandular secretions

5. Endocrine System Endocrine Glands
pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri
approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain. Often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands. Divided into two lobes: anterior and posterior lobes
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis): produces and secretes the following hormones
growth hormone – regulates the growth of the body
adrenocorticotropic hormone – stimulates the adrenal cortex

6. Endocrine System
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – stimulates the thyroid gland
gonadotropic hormones – affect the male and female reproductive systems
follicle-stimulating hormones , luteinizing hormone – regulate development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes
prolactin-releasing hormone, lactogenic hormone – promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant

7. Endocrine System hypothalamus
posterior lobe (neurohypophysis): stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone – stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water
oxytocin – stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum
hypothalamus
located superior to the pituitary gland in the brain. Secretes “releasing” hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones

8. Endocrine System thyroid gland parathyroid glands
largest endocrine gland, located anteriorly in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus.
secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production. Thyroxine is necessary for body cell metabolism
parathyroid glands
four small bodies embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of the thyroid gland. Parathormone, the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood

9. Endocrine System islets of Langerhans adrenal glands or suprarenals
clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Non-endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate digestion
adrenal glands or suprarenals
paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney. Outer portion is the adrenal cortex,the inner portion is the adrenal medulla. The glands secrete the following hormones:

10. Endocrine System
cortisol: secreted by the adrenal cortex. Aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy (hydrocortisone)
aldosterone: secreted by the adrenal cortex. Electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for normal body function are regulated by this hormone
epinephrine (adrenaline0, norepinephrine (noradrenaline): secreted by the adrenal medulla. These hormones help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations

11. Endocrine System

12. Endocrine System

13. Endocrine System

14. Word Parts for Endocrine System
Combining Form
Definition
aden/o
adren/o, adrenal/o
cortic/o
endocrin/o
mudull/o
parathyroid/o
pituitar/o
thyroid/o, thyr/o
gland
adrenal glands
cortex (outer layer of a body organ)
endocrine
medulla (middle/inner layer of body organ)
parathyroid glands
pituitary gland
thyroid gland

15. Word Parts for Endocrine System
Combining Form
Definition
acr/o
calc/i
dips/o
kal/i
natr/o
extremities, height
calcium
thirst
potassium
sodium
Suffix
Definition
-drome
run, running

16. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
acromegaly
adenitis
adenomegaly
adenosis
adrenalitis
adrenomegaly
hypercalcemia
hyperglycemia
hyperkalemia
hyperpituitarism

17. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
hyperthyroidism
hypocalcemia
hypoglycemia
hypokalemia
hyponatremia
hypopituitarism
hypothryoidism
parathyroidoma
thyroiditis

18. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
acidosis
goiter
tetany
thyrotoxicosis
condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism such as seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
enlargement of the thyroid gland
condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone
a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones

19. Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
adenectomy
adrenalectomy
parathyroidectomy
thyroidectomy
thyroidotomy
thyroparathyroidectomy

20. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
LABORATORY
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)
a blood test performed after the patient has fasted for 8 to 10 hours to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood at the time of the test. Elevation may include diabetes mellitus
a blood test that measures the amt. of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hypothyroidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy

21. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
thyroxine level (T4)
a blood study that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood. A greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less- than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism

22. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
adrenocorticohyperplasia
adrenopathy
cortical
corticoid
endocrinologist
endocrinology
endocrinopathy
euthyroid
polydipsia
syndrome

23. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
hormone
metabolism
a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue
sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism