1. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Endocrine System

2. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Lesson 16.1 16--2

3. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-3 Objectives  Identify organs and structures of the endocrine system.  Define and spell the word parts related to the endocrine system  Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the endocrine system.  Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the endocrine system.

4. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-4 Functions of the Endocrine System  regulates body activities through the use of chemical messengers called hormones, which when released into the bloodstream, influence metabolic activities, growth, and development.

5. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-5 The Endocrine System

6. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-6 Endocrine Glands  pituitary: approximately the size of a pea located at the base of the brain and is divided into 2 lobes  anterior lobe produces hormones growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gonadotropic: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL)

7. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-7 Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)  pituitary (cont’d)  anterior lobe produces hormones (cont’d) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin  hypothalamus: located near the pituitary gland in the brain that secretes “releasing” hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones

8. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-8 Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)  thyroid: largest endocrine gland located in the neck below the larynx  produces hormones triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4)  parathyroid: four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid  produces hormone parathormone (PTH)

9. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-9 Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)  islets of Langerhans: clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas  secretes hormones insulin glucagon produces enzymes which facilitate digestion

10. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-10 Endocrine Glands (cont’d.)  adrenal glands: paired glands, one above each kidney. The outer portion is called the cortex, and the inner portion is called the medulla.  secretes hormones cortisol (hydrocortisone) aldosterone epinephrine (adrenaline)

11. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-11 Pituitary gland, hormones secreted and target organs

12. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-12 Combining Forms of the Endocrine System  aden/o  adren/o, adrenal/o  cortic/o  endocrin/o  parathyroid/o  pituitar/o  thyroid/o, thyr/o

13. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-13 Combining Forms Commonly Used with the Endocrine System Terms  acr/o  calc/i  dips/o  kal/i  natr/o

14. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-14 Suffix  -drome

15. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-15 Clicker Question Which of the following contains the word root meaning sodium? a) hypokalemia b) hyponatremia

16. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-16 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts  acromegaly  adenitis  adenomegaly  adenosis  adrenalitis  adrenomegaly  hypercalcemia  hyperglycemia  hyperkalemia  hyperpituitarism  hyperthyroidism  hypocalcemia  hypoglycemia  hypokalemia  hyponatremia  hypopituitarism  hypothyroidism  panhypopituitarism  parathyroidoma  thyroiditis

17. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-17 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts  acidosis  Addison disease  cretinism  Cushing syndrome  diabetes insipidus (DI)  diabetes mellitus (DM)  gigantism  goiter  Graves disease  ketosis  myxedema  pheochromocytoma  tetany  thyrotoxicosis

18. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-18 Cushing Syndrome

19. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-19 Goiter

20. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-20 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts  adenectomy  adrenalectomy  parathyroidectomy  thyroidectomy  thyroidotomy  thyroparathyroidectomy

21. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Lesson 16.2

22. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-22 Objectives  Define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic terms related to the endocrine system.  Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the endocrine system.  Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the endocrine system.  Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.

23. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-23 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts  Diagnostic imaging  radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)  thyroid scan  Laboratory  fasting blood sugar (FBS)  glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)  thyroxine level (T4)  thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)

24. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-24 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts  adrenocorticohyperplasia  adrenopathy  cortical  corticoid  endocrinologist  endocrinology  endocrinopathy  euglycemia  euthyroid  polydipsia  syndrome

25. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-25 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts  exophthalmos  hormone  isthmus  metabolism

26. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-26 Clicker Question Hyperglycemia can be detected by a) FBS b) TSH

27. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-27 Abbreviations  DI  DM  FBS  HbA1C  RAIU  T4

28. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.16-28 Read Medical Terms In Use A 55-year-old female patient presented to her doctor because of a 10-pound weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, and cold intolerance. She was referred to an endocrinologist who established a diagnosis of hypothyroidism after test results indicated an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and a low thyroxine level. Thyroid hormone therapy was prescribed. Approximately 20 years ago she was diagnosed with Graves disease characterized by hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, fatigue, irritability, weight loss, and goiter. At this time she had an increased radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU). Treatment included a thyroidectomy with subsequent thyroid hormone therapy. She remained in a euthyroid state until she stopped taking the medication 6 months ago. Consequently she became hypothyroid and could easily have developed myxedema if she had not sought treatment.