1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1

2. What is A&P? Anatomy = the study of the structure of an organism
what parts does it have?
Physiology = the study of
the functions of the living
organism and its parts
How do the parts work?
Anatomy & physiology are tied together and are difficult to study separately
How the parts are made determines what they can be used to do…

3. Complementarity of Structure & Function!!!
How a thing works depends on how it is put together (function depends on structure)
Think of an example using an object in this room?
Think of an example using a body part?
IT IS CRITICAL THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THIS…IT FOLLOWS THROUGH THE ENTIRE COURSE!!!

4. Complementarity of Structure & Function
How does its structure suit its function?
Or, NOT suit its function?

5. Characteristics of Life …all life events are CELLULAR events
1. Organization
Cells, tissues, organs, etc
2. Responsiveness
Sense, monitor & respond to stimuli
Transmit energy (signals)
Adapt to environment
3. Growth & Reproduction
New cells; new offspring

6. Characteristics of Life …all life events are CELLULAR events
4. Metabolism
Exchange gases
Break down & make molecules
Absorption & secretion of molecules
Excretion of wastes
Circulation of molecules throughout

7. sum or total of all of the chemical reactions in the body
4. Metabolism
sum or total of all of the chemical reactions in the body
The burning of energy molecules & synthesis of new chemicals

8. 4. Metabolism

9. Metabolism…cells do it!

10. Levels of Organization

11. Levels of Organization
1. atoms – “building block of matter”
2. molecules – 2+ atoms joined
3. organelles – tiny structure in cells
4. cells – “smallest unit of life”
5. tissues – 2+ types of cells w/same job
6. organs – 2+ types of tissue w/same job
7. organ systems – 2+ organs w/same job
8. organism – a living being; the whole thing!

12. Anatomical Position standing face forward, palms and feet forward
humans have bilateral symmetry externally, so L and R are mirror images

13. Body Cavities 1. ventral cavity – a. thoracic (chest) -
pleural cavities (lungs)
mediastinum (heart,trachea,bronchi,etc)
b. abdominopelvic –
abdominal cavity (liver, stomach, gall bladder, etc)
pelvic cavity (urin. bladder, reprod. orgs)

14. Body Cavities 2. dorsal cavity a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. spinal cavity
(spinal cord)

15. Body Cavities 3. cavities are lined with membranes
a. parietal = wall of body cavity (towards outer surface of body)
b. visceral = lining on outside of organ
c. peritoneal cavity = space between
d. peritoneum = large, moist, slippery sheet of membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity (parietal) and its organs (visceral)

16. Cavity Membranes

17. Body Structure Terms
1. Directional Terms

18. Body Structure Terms 1. Directional Terms a. superior – towards head
inferior – towards feet
b. anterior – face side
posterior – back side
c. ventral – belly side
dorsal – back side

19. Body Structure Terms 1. Directional Terms d. medial – towards midline
lateral – towards side
e. proximal – towards trunk
distal – away from trunk
f. superficial – towards surface
deep – away from surface

20. Body Structure Terms of the body h. contralateral - on the opposite
1. Directional Terms
g. ipsilateral - on the same side
of the body
h. contralateral - on the opposite
side of the body

21. Body Structure Terms
1. Directional Terms

22. Body Structure Terms 2. Body Planes & Sections
a. sagittal – lengthwise; divides into L & R
b. coronal/frontal lengthwise; divides front/back
c. transverse (horizontal) crosswise; divides top/bottom

24. Abdominal Regions 1. Right hypochondriac region – liver, gall bladder
2. Epigastric region – liver, stomach
3. Left hypochondriac region – stomach, large
intestine
4. Right lumbar region – large and small intestine
5. Umbilical region – transverse colon, small
6. Left lumbar region – small intestine, colon

25. Abdominal regions 7. Right iliac region – cecum, small intestine
8. Hypogastric region – small intestine, urinary
bladder, appendix
9. Left iliac region – colon, small intestine

26. Self-Quiz Answer on one of the “left-side pages” in your notebook.
Do NOT look at your notes!
Everything answered = full credit!
(even if not answered correctly)

27. Fill in the blank with the proper directional term:
1. The ears are ___ to the eyes.
2. The ribcage is ___ to the lungs.
3. The knee is ___ to the ankle.
4. The diaphragm is ___ to the liver.
5. The stomach is ___ to the pancreas.

28. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate directional terms:
6. The brain is in the ___ cavity.
7. The stomach is in the __ cavity.
8. The heart is in the __ cavity.
9. The innermost membrane lining is the __ layer.

29. Name the body part associated with each region:
1. cervical

30. 1. cervical - neck

31. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital

32. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye

33. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal

34. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose

35. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose
4. carpal

36. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose
4. carpal - wrist

37. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose
4. carpal – wrist
5. mammary

38. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose
4. carpal - wrist
5. mammary - breast

39. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose
4. carpal - wrist
5. mammary – breast
6. brachial

40. 1. cervical – neck
2. occipital/orbital - eye
3. nasal - nose
4. carpal - wrist
5. mammary – breast
6. brachial – upper arm

41. 7. zygomatic

42. 7. zygomatic - cheek

43. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic

44. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head

45. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous

46. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin

47. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin
10. digital

48. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin
10. digital – fingers or toes

49. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin
10. digital – fingers or toes
11. otic

50. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin
10. digital – fingers or toes
11. otic – ear

51. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin
10. digital – fingers or toes
11. otic – ear
12. femoral

52. 7. zygomatic - cheek
8. cephalic - head
9. cutaneous - skin
10. digital – fingers or toes
11. otic – ear
12. femoral - thigh

53. 13. gluteal

54. 13. gluteal - buttock

55. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal

56. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin

57. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin
15. lumbar

58. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin
15. lumbar – lower back between
ribs and pelvis

59. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin
15. lumbar – lower back between
ribs and pelvis
16. patellar

60. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin
15. lumbar – lower back between
ribs and pelvis
16. patellar – front of knee

61. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin
15. lumbar – lower back between
ribs and pelvis
16. patellar – front of knee
17. pedal

62. 13. gluteal - buttock
14. inguinal - groin
15. lumbar – lower back between
ribs and pelvis
16. patellar – front of knee
17. pedal - foot

63. 18. perineal

64. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals

65. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex

66. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb

67. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb
20. hallux

68. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb
20. hallux – great toe

69. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb
20. hallux – great toe
21. popliteal

70. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb
20. hallux – great toe
21. popliteal – area behind knee

71. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb
20. hallux – great toe
21. popliteal – area behind knee
22. tarsal

72. 18. perineal – area between anus
and genitals
19. pollex - thumb
20. hallux – great toe
21. popliteal – area behind knee
22. tarsal - ankle

73. 23. temporal

74. 23. temporal – side of skull

75. 23. temporal – side of skull
24. thoracic

76. 23. temporal – side of skull
24. thoracic - chest

77. Body Structure Terms 3. Body Type (& Disease) a. endomorph - heavier
b. mesomorph – more muscular
c. ectomorph - thinner
d. Why important?
- used to help
determine likelihood
of certain diseases

78. Case Study
Mr. Sam Rider, age 46 years, came to the clinic complaining of pain in his right lower leg, below his knee, on the inside of his leg. He said he “fell about an hour ago while stepping off a curb” and that he is “afraid he broke his leg.” He is unable to place any pressure on this leg without the pain becoming worse. Past medical history is negative for previous injury. Mr. Rider has a history of high blood pressure (hypertension) and has taken medication for this until about 5 months ago, when he stopped taking his medication because he “felt well.”

79. Case Study
Mr. Rider works as an auto mechanic, has no regular exercise pattern, and follows no specific diet. He smokes half pack of cigarettes per day and drinks 3 cups of coffee a day. Family history is significant in that his father died of a heart attack at the age of 64 years and his mother is alive at the age of 72 years, with type 2 diabetes. Physical examination reflects an obese gentleman measuring 5 foot 9 inches in height with a weight of 235 pounds.

80. Case Study
Current blood pressure is elevated at 180/90, pulse rate is normal at 80, and respirations are normal at 20.

81. Case Study Which of the following correctly describes the
location of Mr. Rider’s injury?
a. Right medial leg pain, distal to patella
b. Right lateral leg pain, proximal to patella
c. Right anterior leg pain, distal to patella
d. Right inferior, lateral leg pain proximal to
patella

82. Case Study Based on the description provided for Mr. Rider,
you would expect him to have what type of body
build or physique?
a. Endomorph
b. Mesomorph
c. Ectomorph
d. Hypothalamic

83. Case Study
Which of the following diagnostic tests would provide the best information to rule out the
the possibility of fracture?
a. MRI
b. CAT scan
c. Ultrasound
d. X-ray

84. Case Study You have assessed Mr. Rider’s risk factors for
cardiovascular disease and have decided to
develop a teaching plan to help him lower or
alter these factors. Which of the following would
be most important to include in this plan?
a. Patient’s occupation, caffeine intake, lack of
exercise program, sex of patient
b. Family history of heart disease, patient’s age,
obesity
c. Cigarette smoking, failure to control hypertension, failure
failure to follow specific diet and exercise plan
d. Patient’s sex, age, occupation, cigarette smoking, and
uncontrolled high blood pressure

85. Homeostasis
cells are healthy only when all conditions in their fluid environment are relatively constant
external conditions change, internal must remain stable
homeostasis = relatively constant states maintained by the body

86. Homeostatic Controls 1. feedback control loop
a. sensor – detects the stimulus
b. integrator (control center) – receives incoming message and sends response
c. effector – enables response
d. feedback – info back to sensor

87. Homeostatic Controls 2. signal pathways
a. afferent – signal TO integrator
b. efferent – signal FROM integrator

88. Homeostatic Controls
3. negative feedback – response action goes opposite of stimulus (ex: thermostat)

89. Homeostatic Controls - Negative Feedback
response action goes opposite of stimulus

90. Homeostatic Controls
4. positive feedback – response accelerates the stimulus; rare in body (ex: childbirth; lactation)

91. Root Words! a(an) – no/not ana – across/through ecto – outside
elle – small
endo – inside
gen – start/origin
homeo (homo) – same
medi – middle
meso – middle
meta – middle
morph – shape
path – disease
peri – around
stasis – state
tom –  to cut
trans – across

92. Head/Neck Region Cephalic Cranial Facial Frontal Orbital Nasal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Oral
Temporal
Cervical
Occipital

93. Trunk Region
Thoracic
Abdominal
Mammary
Umbilical
Dorsal
Lumbar

94. Shoulder/Arm Region Axillary Brachial Cubital Antecubital Olecranal
Antebrachial
Carpal
Digital
Phalangeal
Palmar

95. Hip/Leg Region Pelvic Inguinal Gluteal Femoral Crural Tarsal Popliteal
Plantar
Pedal
Digital

96. Organ Systems
Integumetary system - skin
Muscular system

97. Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Brain, spinal cord,
Nerves
Endocrine system
Hormone production

98. Organ Systems Cardiovascular system - Heart, vessels Lymphatic
Lymph nodes

99. Organ Systems
Digestive
system
Respiratory
system
Urinary
system

100. Organ Systems
Male reproductive
system
Female reproductive
system

101. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

102. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

103. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

104. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

105. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

106. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

107. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

108. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

109. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

110. System Review:
What system?
What function(s)?
What organ(s)?

111. The End